Can auditory evoked responses elicited to click and/or verbal sound identify children with or at risk of central auditory processing disorder: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: (Central) auditory processing disorders, (C)APDs are clinically identified using behavioral tests. However, changes in attention and motivation may easily affect true identification. Although auditory electrophysiological tests, such as Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR), are independent of most confounding cognitive factors, there is no consensus that click and/or speech-evoked ABR can be used to identify children with or at-risk of (C)APDs due to heterogeneity among studies. AIMS: This study aimed to review the possibility of using ABR evoked by click and/or speech stimuli to identify children with or at risk of (C)APDs. METHODS: The online databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and CINAHL were explored using combined keywords for all English and French articles published until April 2021. Additional gray literature was also included such as conference abstracts, dissertations, and editorials in ProQuest Dissertations. MAIN CONTRIBUTION: Thirteen papers met the eligibility criteria and were included in the scoping review. Fourteen papers were cross-sectional and two were interventional studies. Eleven papers used click stimuli to assess children with/at risk of (C)APDs, and speech stimuli were utilized in the remaining studies. Despite the diversity of the results, especially in click ABR assessments, most studies indicated increases in the wave latencies and/or decreases in the wave amplitudes of click ABR in children with/at risk of (C)APDs. The results of speech ABR assessments were more consistent, as prolongation of the transient components of speech ABR was observed in these children, while sustained components remained almost unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Although both click and speech-evoked ABRs could be used to assess children with (C)APDs, it appears that speech-evoked ABR assessments yield more reliable findings. These findings, however, should be interpreted with caution given the heterogeneity among studies. Well-designed studies on children with confirmed (C)APDs using standard diagnostic and assessment protocols are recommended.

The electrophysiological markers of hyperacusis: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Hyperacusis is known as a reduced tolerance to sounds perceived as normal to the majority of the population. There is currently no agreed definition, diagnostic tool, or objective measure of its occurrence. The purpose of this review is to catalogue the research to date on the use of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) to assess hyperacusis. DESIGN: A step-by-step methodology was conducted following guidelines. Four databases were searched. A total of 3343 papers were identified. A final yield of 35 articles were retained for analysis. RESULTS: The analysis identified four types of aetiologies to describe the hyperacusic population in AEP studies; developmental disorders (n = 19), neurological disorders (n = 3), induced hearing damage (n = 8) and idiopathic aetiology (n = 5). Electrophysiological measures were of short (n = 16), middle (n = 13) and long (n = 19) latencies, believed to reflect the activity of the ascending and descending pathways of the auditory system from periphery to cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review revealed the potential use of electrophysiological measures for further understanding the mechanisms of hyperacusis. However, according to the disparity of concepts to define hyperacusis, definitions and populations need to be clarified before biomarkers specific to hyperacusis can be identified.

The effects of sleep on objective measures of gap detection using a time-efficient multi-deviant paradigm.

Auditory temporal resolution, measured through gap detection, is critical for the perception of speech. A time-efficient multi-deviant paradigm has previously been developed for gap detection. The purpose of the present study was to determine if this multi-deviant paradigm could be used for gap detection during NREM sleep. ERPs were recorded in 10 young adults while awake and during the first two hours of NREM sleep. A multi-deviant paradigm was employed with six different deviants varying in gap duration, ranging from 2 to 40 ms. During waking, a DRN was observed for the 10, 20, 30 and 40 ms gaps. The DRN was absent during sleep. A P2 was present in NREM for the 20, 30 and 40 ms gaps followed by a P3a to the 30 and 40 ms gaps. An N350 was observed following the 10, 20, 30 and 40 ms gaps. Previous studies have reported significant ERPs to gaps having shorter durations than the present study. The multi-deviant paradigm may not be suitable for the determination of gap threshold during sleep. Nevertheless, it provides an exquisite means to determine perceptibility and the extent of processing of longer duration, supra-threshold gaps during sleep.

Event-related potentials following gaps in noise: The effects of the intensity of preceding noise.

Auditory temporal resolution is critical for the perception of speech. It is often studied using gap detection methods in which a silent period (or "gap") is inserted in a long duration auditory stimulus. When the gap is inserted in a frequently occurring standard stimulus, it elicits a negative-going event-related potential, called the deviant-related negativity (DRN). A time-efficient multi-deviant paradigm was employed in which a standard 200 ms noise burst was presented on 50% of trials and a deviant stimulus, containing a gap, on the remaining 50% of trials. Seven different deviants were constructed by inserting a gap in the centre of the standard. The duration of the seven gaps ranged from 2 to 40 ms. In different conditions, the intensity of the noise burst was either 60 or 80 dB SPL. Ten adults watched a silent video while ignoring the auditory sequence. As expected, the amplitude of the DRN increased as gap duration became longer, regardless of the intensity of the noise in which the gap occurred. The intensity of the noise burst also affected the DRN measured peak-to-peak (DRN-to-following positivity). This was reduced when the gap occurred in the lower intensity noise burst. The time efficient multi-deviant paradigm can thus be employed to determine the effects of factors known to affect gap detection: the duration of the gap, and the intensity of the sound in which the gap is inserted.

Does Tinnitus Fill in the Gap Using Electrophysiology? A Scoping Review.

The results showed a trend of increased post-gap amplitudes and reduced gap salience; however, the small number of articles yield and limited consensus prohibit any conclusions for clinical use. Nevertheless, gap-induced EPs may be further explored as a potential tool for tinnitus detection.

Involvement of ApoE E4 and H63D in sporadic Alzheimer's disease in a folate-supplemented Ontario population.

Dysregulation of iron homeostasis is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this pilot study, common variants of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and HFE genes resulting in the iron overload disorder of hereditary hemochromatosis (C282Y, H63D and S65C) were evaluated as factors in sporadic AD in an Ontario sample in which folic acid fortification has been mandatory since 1998. Laboratory studies also were done to search for genetic effects on blood markers of iron status, red cell folates and serum B12. Participants included 58 healthy volunteers (25 males, 33 females) and 54 patients with probable AD (20 males, 34 females). Statistical analyses were interpreted at the 95% confidence level. Contingency table and odds ratio analyses supported the hypothesis that in females of the given age range, E4 significantly predisposed to AD in the presence but not absence of H63D. In males, E4 significantly predisposed to AD in the absence of H63D, and H63D in the absence of E4 appeared protective against AD. Among E4+ AD patients, H63D was associated with significant lowering of red cell folate concentration, possibly as the result of excessive oxidative stress. However, folate levels in the lowest population quartile did not affect the risk of AD. A model is presented to explain the experimental findings.