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(1) Background: Supraglottic airway devices (SAD) have been used in children and adolescents undergoing adenotonsillectomies under general anesthesia. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigate the safety and efficacy of using SADs when compared to an endotracheal tube (ETT). (2) Methods: After registering with PROSPERO, databases like PubMed, Scopus, OviD, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched using relevant keywords from the year 2000. We used RoB-2 for risk-of-bias assessment, GRADE for assessing the quality of evidence, RevMan 5.2 for qualitative meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis (TSA) to corroborate the significant findings of meta-analysis. (3) Results: Out of 200 studies, 5 randomized-controlled trials fulfilled inclusion criteria. The quality of evidence was moderate for laryngospasm, low for airway device failure, and very low for recovery time. The incidence of laryngospasm was comparable between SADs and ETT (RR: 0.80, 95% CI-0.36, 1.80, p = 0.59). The incidence of airway device failure was significantly higher with SADs than ETT (RR: 11.29, 95% CI: 2.73, 46.66, p = 0.0008). The postoperative recovery time was significantly less with SADs than with ETT use (MD: -4.33, 95% CI: -5.28, -3.39, p < 0.0001), which was confirmed by the TSA. (4) Conclusions: The results of this review suggests that use of SADs can provide a lesser postoperative recovery time and comparable incidence of laryngospasm, with a higher incidence of failure of SAD when compared to ETT. Use of SAD for pediatric and adolescent adenotonsillectomies should be individualized based on patient characteristics, and on the expertise of the anesthesiologist and the surgeons involved.
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Many premedication agents with opioid-sparing properties have been used in patients undergoing various elective surgeries. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that has been used by many researchers as an opioid-sparing strategy. Various databases like PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched after registering the review protocol in PROSPERO for randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy and safety of memantine premedication in adult patients undergoing various elective surgeries. The risk of bias (RoB-2) scale was used to assess the quality of evidence. From the 225 articles that were identified after a database search, 3 studies were included for a qualitative systematic review and a quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled analysis revealed that the use of memantine provided better pain scores at 2nd (mean difference: -0.82, 95% CI: -1.60, -0.05, P = 0.04) with significant heterogeneity (P = 0.06; I² =71%), and 6 hours postoperatively (mean difference: -1.80, 95% CI: -2.23, -1.37, P < 0.00001), but not at 1 hour. The sedation scores at 1 hour were higher in the memantine group but comparable in the 2nd hour. The number of doses of rescue analgesia and nausea/vomiting in the postoperative period was comparable in both groups. The results of this review suggest that memantine premedication could provide better pain scores in the immediate postoperative period with acceptable adverse effects. However, the current evidence is insufficient to suggest the routine use of memantine as a premedication before elective surgeries.
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Background and Aims: Post-anaesthesia shivering is distressing and is observed after spinal and general anaesthesia. Nalbuphine, a partial mu-opioid receptor antagonist with kappa-opioid receptor agonist properties, has been successfully used to manage post-anaesthesia shivering. Methods: After registering the review with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), we searched PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Ovid, Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.gov with keywords for randomised controlled trials. The risk of bias-2 (RoB-2) scale was used to assess the quality of evidence. We also used Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) guidelines to evaluate the strength of evidence and trial sequential analysis to validate the conclusions. Results: Of the 240 articles, 10 were considered eligible for review (700 patients, 350- nalbuphine, 350- control or placebo). When compared to placebo, the success rate of nalbuphine controlling shivering was significantly better (risk ratio [RR]: 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.91, 2.94; P = 0.04, I² = 94%), but comparable to the control group drugs (opioids, dexmedetomidine, ondansetron, pethidine). Compared to placebo, shivering recurrence was significantly less with nalbuphine than with placebo (RR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.83; P = 0.01, I² = 61%), but comparable with the control group. The incidence of postoperative nausea/vomiting (PONV) was significantly less with nalbuphine when compared to the control group (RR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.95; P = 0.02, I² = 37%), but PONV in the nalbuphine group was comparable to placebo (RR: 1.20, 95% CI: 0.68, 2.12; P = 0.54, I² = 0%). Other outcomes, like the grade of shivering and hypotension, were comparable between the nalbuphine and control groups. Conclusion: Nalbuphine successfully controls post-anaesthesia shivering and reduces the recurrence of shivering.
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Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has been used as an intervention for providing postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing bariatric and metabolic surgeries. After registering the protocol in PROSPERO, randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized observational studies were searched in various databases till July 2022. The primary outcome was 24-h opioid consumption; the secondary outcomes were intraoperative opioid use, pain scores, time to rescue analgesia, and complications. The risk of bias and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were used to assess the quality of evidence. From the 695 studies identified, 6 studies were selected for analysis. The 24-h opioid consumption was significantly lesser in ESPB group when compared to control (mean difference [MD]: -10.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -21.03, -0.31, I² = 99%). The intraoperative opioid consumption was significantly less in the ESPB group (MD: -17.75; 95% CI: -20.36, -15.13, I² = 31%). The time to rescue analgesia was significantly more in the ESPB group (MD: 114.36; CI: 90.42, 138.30, I² = 99%). Although pain scores were significantly less at 6 and 24 h in ESPB group (MD: -2.00, 95% CI: -2.49, -1.51; I² = 0% and MD: -0.48; 95% CI: -0.72, -0.24; I² = 48%), at zero and 12 h, the pain scores were comparable (MD: -1.53, 95% CI: -3.06, -0.00, I² = 97% and MD: -0.80; 95% CI: -1.80, 0.20, I² = 88%). Bilateral ESPB provides opioid-sparing analgesia and better pain scores when compared to control. These results should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity among the included studies.
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Background and Aims: Patients undergoing hysterectomy by open or laparoscopic approach experience moderate to severe postoperative pain. A multimodal analgesic approach is recommended for these patients. This study reviews the analgesic efficacy of duloxetine, a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used as an adjuvant for opioid-sparing postoperative analgesia. Methods: After registering the protocol in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), databases like PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for randomised controlled trials using relevant keywords to find studies in which duloxetine premedication was compared to a placebo in patients undergoing hysterectomy. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2) was used to assess the quality of evidence. Results: The qualitative systematic review included five of the 88 studies identified. The overall risk of bias in the included studies was very high. In all the studies, 60 mg oral duloxetine was used, and the control group was placebo. In two studies, duloxetine premedication was administered 2 h before and 24 h after surgery. In the other three studies, a single dose of 60 mg duloxetine was only administered 2 h before surgery. A pooled meta-analysis was not performed due to fewer studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and even fewer studies with consistent reporting of various outcomes. Conclusion: The evidence is insufficient to advocate routine duloxetine premedication in patients undergoing hysterectomy.
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Ultrasound-guided transversalis fascia plane block (TFPB) has been used for providing postoperative analgesia after various lower abdominal surgeries like iliac crest bone harvesting, inguinal hernia repair, caesarean section and appendicectomy. After registering the protocol in PROSPERO, various databases like PubMed/Medline, Ovid, CENTRAL and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for randomized controlled trials and observational, comparative studies till October 2022. The risk of bias (RoB-2) scale was used to assess the quality of evidence. The database searched identified 149 articles. Out of these, 8 studies were identified for qualitative analysis and 3 studies were TFPB was compared to control in patients undergoing caesarean section were selected for quantitative analysis. At 12 hours, pain scores were significantly less in TFPB group when compared to control on movement with no heterogeneity. At other times, the pain scores were comparable. 24-hr opioid consumption was significantly less in TFPB group when compared to control with significant heterogeneity. Time to rescue analgesia was significantly less in TFPB group when compared to control with significant heterogeneity. Number of patients requiring rescue analgesia were significantly less in TFPB group when compared to control with no heterogeneity. Postoperative nausea/vomiting (PONV) was significantly less in TFPB group when compared to control with minimal heterogeneity. In conclusion, TFPB is a safe block which provides opioid-sparing postoperative analgesia and a delayed time to rescue analgesia with no significant difference in pain scores and lesser PONV postoperatively when compared to control in patients undergoing caesarean section.
