Changes in membrane biophysical properties induced by the Budesonide/Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin complex.

Budesonide (BUD), a poorly soluble anti-inflammatory drug, is used to treat patients suffering from asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD), a biocompatible cyclodextrin known to interact with cholesterol, is used as a drug-solubilizing agent in pharmaceutical formulations. Budesonide administered as an inclusion complex within HPßCD (BUD:HPßCD) required a quarter of the nominal dose of the suspension formulation and significantly reduced neutrophil-induced inflammation in a COPD mouse model exceeding the effect of each molecule administered individually. This suggests the role of lipid domains enriched in cholesterol for inflammatory signaling activation. In this context, we investigated the effect of BUD:HPßCD on the biophysical properties of membrane lipids. On cellular models (A549, lung epithelial cells), BUD:HPßCD extracted cholesterol similarly to HPßCD. On large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), by using the fluorescent probes diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and calcein, we demonstrated an increase in membrane fluidity and permeability induced by BUD:HPßCD in vesicles containing cholesterol. On giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and lipid monolayers, BUD:HPßCD induced the disruption of cholesterol-enriched raft-like liquid ordered domains as well as changes in lipid packing and lipid desorption from the cholesterol monolayers, respectively. Except for membrane fluidity, all these effects were enhanced when HPßCD was complexed with budesonide as compared with HPßCD. Since cholesterol-enriched domains have been linked to membrane signaling including pathways involved in inflammation processes, we hypothesized the effects of BUD:HPßCD could be partly mediated by changes in the biophysical properties of cholesterol-enriched domains.

Interest of cyclodextrins in spray-dried microparticles formulation for sustained pulmonary delivery of budesonide.

To achieve an efficient lung delivery and efficacy, both active ingredient aerosolisation properties and permeability through the lung need to be optimized. To overcome these challenges, the present studies aim to develop cyclodextrin-based spray-dried microparticles containing a therapeutic corticosteroid (budesonide) that could be used to control airway inflammation associated with asthma. The complexation between budesonide and hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) has been investigated. Production of inhalation powders was carried out using a bi-fluid nozzle spray dryer and was optimized based on a design of experiments. Spray-dried microparticles display a specific "deflated-ball like shape" associated with an appropriate size for inhalation. Aerodynamic assessment show that the fine particle fraction was increased compared to a classical lactose-based budesonide formulation (44.05 vs 26.24%). Moreover, the budesonide permeability out of the lung was shown to be reduced in the presence of cyclodextrin complexes. The interest of this sustained budesonide release was evaluated in a mouse model of asthma. The anti-inflammatory effect was compared to a non-complexed budesonide formulation at the same concentration and attests the higher anti-inflammatory activity reach with the cyclodextrin-based formulation. This strategy could therefore be of particular interest for improving lung targeting while decreasing systemic side effects associated with high doses of corticosteroids. In conclusion, this works reports that cyclodextrins could be used in powder for inhalation, both for their abilities to improve active ingredient aerosolisation properties and further to their dissolution in lung fluid, to decrease permeability out of the lungs leading to an optimized activity profile.

2D-Cosy NMR Spectroscopy as a Quantitative Tool in Biological Matrix: Application to Cyclodextrins.

Classical analytical quantifications in biological matrices require time-consuming sample pre-treatments and extractions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis does not require heavy sample treatments or extractions which therefore increases its accuracy in quantification. In this study, even if quantitative (q)NMR could not be applied to 2D spectra, we demonstrated that cross-correlations and diagonal peak intensities have a linear relationship with the analyzed pharmaceutical compound concentration. This work presents the validation process of a 2D-correlation spectroscopy (COSY) NMR quantification of 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin in plasma. Specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), trueness, limits of quantification (LOQs), and accuracy were used as validation criteria. 2D-NMR could therefore be used as a valuable and accurate analytical technique for the quantification of pharmaceutical compounds, including hardly detectable compounds such as cyclodextrins or poloxamers, in complex biological matrices based on a calibration curve approach.

Rapid quantification of 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin in liquid pharmaceutical formulations by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Quantification of 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (2-HP-ß-CD) is not yet described in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and European Pharmacopeia (EP). A useful quality control tool is therefore needed for the specific quantification in finished liquid pharmaceutical products, especially for formulations containing 2-HP-ß-CD as an active ingredient. A new technique is also mandatory for the development of future formulations in which 2-HP-ß-CD concentration could influence the properties of these formulations. Here, we described the use of (1)H NMR for the rapid quantification of 2-HP-ß-CD directly into pharmaceutical solutions without any extraction or separation steps. This technique was successfully applied to different pharmaceutical solutions comprising an i.v. solution (budesonide/2-HP-ß-CD complex), an eye drop solution (Indocollyre®) and an oral solution (Sporanox®). Specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), trueness, limits of quantification (LOQs) and accuracy were used as validation criteria.