Using Two Predictive Models to Capture Two Types of Poor Outcomes in Knee Arthroplasty: A Multisite Longitudinal Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Poor outcome after knee arthroplasty (KA), a common major surgery worldwide, reportedly occurs in approximately 20% of patients. These patients demonstrate minimal improvement, at least moderate knee pain, and difficulty performing many routine daily activities. The purposes of our study were to comprehensively determine poor outcome risk after KA and to identify predictors of poor outcome. METHODS: Data from 565 participants with KA in the Osteoarthritis Initiative and the Multicenter Osteoarthritis studies were used. Previously validated latent class analyses (LCAs) of good versus poor outcome trajectories of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain and Disability were generated to describe minimal improvement and poor final outcome. The modified Escobar RAND appropriateness system was used to generate classifications of appropriate, inconclusive, and rarely appropriate. Multivariable prediction models included LCA-based good versus poor outcome, modified Escobar classifications, and evidence-driven preoperative prognostic variables. RESULTS: Modified Escobar appropriateness classifications were nonsignificant predictors of WOMAC Pain good versus poor outcomes, indicating the methods provide independent outcome estimates. For WOMAC Pain and WOMAC Disability, approximately 34% and 45% of participants, respectively, had a high probability of either minimal improvement via "rarely appropriate" classifications or poor outcome via LCA. In multivariable prediction models, greater contralateral knee pain consistently predicted poor outcome (eg, odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.33). CONCLUSION: Appropriateness criteria and LCA estimates provided combined poor outcome estimates that were approximately double the commonly reported poor outcome of 20%. Rates of poor outcome could be reduced if clinicians screened patients using appropriateness criteria and LCA predictors before surgery to optimize outcome.

Perioperative Opioid Use and Dosage Trajectories Vary Depending on Pain Outcome Classification and Bodily Pain in Patients who Catastrophize About Their Pain: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial in Knee Arthroplasty.

Opioid use and dosage following knee arthroplasty (KA) has not been reported for subgroups with persistent moderate pain versus rapidly improving mild pain, externally validated from prior work. We determined if opioid use and dosage varied for persons classified into these externally validated subgroups. A secondary purpose determined if bodily pain scores are associated with the outcome subgroup. This was a secondary analysis of a prospective no-effect randomized clinical trial conducted on 384 participants with pain catastrophizing and scheduled for KA. Data were collected preoperatively and at 2-, 6-, and 12-month following surgery. Two-piece latent class growth curve analyses applied previously validated pain outcomes to determine subgroup outcome trajectories for the proportion of opioid users and oral morphine equivalent (OME) dosages. Substantial trajectory separation was found for opioid use and OME. Specifically, the average OME dosage for the persistent moderate pain subgroup was more than double that for the other outcome subgroup. The average preoperative opioid daily OME dosage for 170 patients reporting opioid use was 24.94 (95% [confidence interval] CI = 20.52, 29.38). Bodily pain was consistently higher for the persistent moderate pain subgroup compared to the other subgroup. Outcome subgroups in patients with pain catastrophizing demonstrated substantial differences in opioid use and dosage and were predicted by high pain catastrophizing, more bodily pain, and changes in bodily pain over time. The persistent moderate pain subgroup is at greater risk of opioid use and greater opioid dosages and should be targeted for preoperative screening and interventions to reduce opioid use and potential opioid misuse. PERSPECTIVE: More frequent and higher opioid dosage following KA was found for the persistent moderate pain subgroup compared to the other subgroup. Patients with persistent pain had worse catastrophizing, contralateral and ipsilateral lower extremity pain, low back pain, and whole body pain compared to the rapidly improving mild pain subgroup.

A Latent Change Score Approach to Understanding Chronic Bodily Pain Outcomes Following Knee Arthroplasty: A Secondary Analysis of Longitudinal Data.

BACKGROUND: The extent to which chronic bodily pain changes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is unknown. We determined the extent of chronic bodily pain changes at 1 year following TKA. METHODS: Data from our randomized trial of pain coping skills, which revealed no effect of the studied interventions, were used. The presence and severity of chronic pain in 16 body regions, excluding the surgically treated knee, were determined prior to and 1 year following surgery. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain scale was used to quantify the extent of surgical knee pain. Latent change score (LCS) models were used to determine the extent to which true chronic bodily pain scores change after TKA. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample of 367 participants was 63.4 ± 8.0 years, and 247 (67%) were female. LCS analyses showed significant 20% to 54% reductions in pain in the surgically treated lower limb (not including the surgically treated knee), pain in the non-surgically treated lower limb, and whole body pain. In bivariate LCS analyses, greater improvement in the WOMAC pain score, indicating surgical benefit of TKA, led to greater improvement in all 4 bodily pain areas beyond the surgically treated knee, even after controlling for the latent change in pain catastrophizing. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically important chronic bodily pain reductions occurred following TKA and may be causally linked to the surgical procedure. Reduction in chronic bodily pain in sites other than the surgically treated knee is an additional benefit of TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level II . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Tobacco Urge Management Scale (TUMS).

BACKGROUND: During quit attempts, smokers must overcome smoking urges triggered by environmental cues and nicotine withdrawal symptoms. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the 12-item Tobacco Urge Management Scale (TUMS), a new measure of smoking urge management behaviors. METHODS: We analyzed secondary data (n = 327) from a behavioral smoking cessation intervention trial, Kids Safe and Smokefree (KiSS). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis of the TUMS indicated that a one-factor model and a correlated two-factor model had similar model fit indices, and a Chi-square difference test supported the one-factor model. Further study of the parsimonious one-factor scale provided evidence of reliability and construct validity. Known group validity was evidenced by significantly higher TUMS scores in the KiSS intervention arm receiving urge management skills training than in the control arm (p < 0.001). Concurrent validity was evidenced by TUMS's inverse association with cigarettes smoked per day and positive associations with nonsmoking days, 7-day abstinence, and self-efficacy to control smoking behaviors (p's < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The TUMS is a reliable, valid measure of smoking urge management behaviors. The measure can support theory-driven research on smoking-specific coping mechanisms, inform clinical practice by identifying coping strategies that might be under-utilized in treatment-seeking smokers, and function as a measure of treatment adherence in cessation trials that target urge management behaviors.

Patient Acceptable Symptom State Versus Latent Class Analysis Outcome Classification: A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS), a single-item deterministic binary measure of pain and function outcome satisfaction, leads to better differentiation of outcome classification versus latent class analysis probability-based outcome subgroups 1 year after knee arthroplasty (KA). METHODS: We used data from Knee Arthroplasty Skills Training for Pain (KASTPain), a 1-year no-effect multicenter randomized clinical trial of participants with KA, along with prior work that developed and externally validated good and poor outcome trajectories. Confirmatory latent class analyses were conducted on 2 exemplar outcome measures (Euroquol visual analog scale single-item self-rated health and 4-item pain ratings) and compared with PASS scores. Separation of trajectories were used to compare good and poor latent class self-rated health/4-item pain trajectories and PASS score trajectories. RESULTS: Prevalence rates for poor outcomes were 10% for self-rated health and 20% for 4-item pain and PASS. Probabilistic latent class-derived classifications of self-rated health and 4-item pain outcomes outperformed PASS in separating growth trajectories. The effect size point estimates for 12-month 4-item pain scale score separation was approximately 3 times larger for latent class analyses as compared with PASS. CONCLUSIONS: When used for outcome classification, observed PASS scores consistently underperform relative to probabilistic latent class-derived subgroups of pain and self-rated health outcome. PASS is a weak substitute for probabilistic classification of other patient-reported outcome measures of KA outcome. Clinicians and researchers should rely on latent class analyses over PASS to differentiate between outcome subgroups after KA.

A latent class analysis of cognitive decline in US adults, BRFSS 2015-2020.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive decline can be an early indicator for dementia. Using quantitative methods and national representative survey data, we can monitor the potential burden of disease at the population-level. METHODS: BRFSS is an annual, nationally representative questionnaire in the United States. The optional cognitive decline module is a six-item self-reported scale pertaining to challenges in daily life due to memory loss and growing confusion over the past twelve months. Respondents are 45+, pooled from 2015-2020. Latent class analysis was used to determine unobserved subgroups of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) based on item response patterns. Multinomial logistic regression predicted latent class membership from socio-demographic covariates. RESULTS: A total of 54,771 reported experiencing SCD. The optimal number of latent classes was three, labeled as Mild, Moderate, and Severe SCD. Thirty-five percent of the sample belonged to the Severe group. Members of this subgroup were significantly less likely to be older (65+ vs. 45-54 OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.23-0.35) and more likely to be non-Hispanic Black (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.53-2.11), have not graduated high school (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.34-1.91), or earned <$15K a year (OR = 3.03, 95% CI: 2.43-3.77). CONCLUSIONS: This study determined three latent subgroups indicating severity of SCD and identified socio-demographic predictors. Using a single categorical indicator of SCD severity instead of six separate items improves the versatility of population-level surveillance.

Adversity and child body mass index in Fragile Families over 15 years: Do type and timing matter?

Background: Weight status has been linked to adverse childhood experiences. Existing research, however, is limited to unidimensional assessments of cumulative risk and does not account for the complex nature of adversity experienced by children in high-risk settings. We fill existing gaps by assessing how four subtypes of adversity across two primary dimensions of threat and deprivation-based adversity are associated with changes in body mass index (BMI) across child ages 3 through 15 years. Method: U.S. mothers and fathers (n = 2412) in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were interviewed when children were born, and again at ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years. Independent variables include interpersonal (e.g., domestic violence), family (e.g., mental health), economic (e.g., housing insecurity), and community (e.g., witness/victim of violence) adversity from ages 1 through 9 years. Path analysis regressed changes in BMIz from ages 3 through 15 on past adversity exposures. Results: Increased interpersonal and community adversity subtypes from ages 3 to 5 were associated with decreased BMIz from ages 5-9 years. Increased economic adversity from age 3 to 5 was associated with increased BMIz from ages 5 to 9, adjusted for mother age, race, and education. Conclusion: Findings highlight the differential influence of past adversity type and timing on child BMI. Interpersonal and community adversity were associated with decreased BMIz, and economic adversity with increased BMIz. Differences in directionality of associations suggest research should capture multiple dimensions of adversity in early childhood and possible positive and negative trends in effects on child weight as children grow from early to mid-childhood.

The Intersection of Neighborhood Environment and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Methods for Creation of a Neighborhood ACEs Index.

This study evaluated methods for creating a neighborhood adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) index, a composite measure that captures the association between neighborhood environment characteristics (e.g., crime, healthcare access) and individual-level ACEs exposure, for a particular population. A neighborhood ACEs index can help understand and address neighborhood-level influences on health among individuals affected by ACEs. Methods entailed cross-sectional secondary analysis connecting individual-level ACEs data from the Philadelphia ACE Survey (n = 1677) with 25 spatial datasets capturing neighborhood characteristics. Four methods were tested for index creation (three methods of principal components analysis, Bayesian index regression). Resulting indexes were compared using Akaike Information Criteria for accuracy in explaining ACEs exposure. Exploratory linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between ACEs, the neighborhood ACEs index, and a health outcome-in this case body mass index (BMI). Results demonstrated that Bayesian index regression was the best method for index creation. The neighborhood ACEs index was associated with higher BMI, both independently and after controlling for ACEs exposure. The neighborhood ACEs index attenuated the association between BMI and ACEs. Future research can employ a neighborhood ACEs index to inform upstream, place-based interventions and policies to promote health among individuals affected by ACEs.

Reliability and validity of the Cancer Health Literacy Test - Chinese versions: CHLT-30-Chinese and CHLT-6-Chinese.

AIMS: The Cancer Health Literacy - 30 (CHLT-30) and Cancer Health Literacy - 6 (CHLT-6) are widely used instruments to measure cancer health literacy and to identify individuals with limited cancer health literacy, respectively. This study evaluated the psychometric performance of both instruments in Chinese cancer patient population. METHODS: The back-translation method was used in cross-cultural adaptation. Chinese versions, labeled as CHLT-30-Chinese and CHLT-6-Chinese, were administered to a diverse cross-sectional sample of 602 cancer patients. Of these, 30 patients retook the instruments over a 2-week interval to estimate test-retest reliability. Classical and modern psychometric methods were used to estimate the item and test properties. RESULTS: Model fit statistics confirmed the original measurement structures of CHLT-30-Chinese (one-factor model) and CHLT-6-Chinese (latent class model with limited and adequate cancer health literacy classes) providing construct validity evidence. The CHLT-30-Chinese showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.83; McDonald's Ω = 0.93) and 2-week test-retest reliability (r = 0.78). The CHLT-6-Chinese separated limited and adequate cancer health literacy classes well (entropy = 0.77) with the estimated prevalence rates of 19% and 81%, respectively. The CHLT-6-Chinese was highly precise in assigning cancer patients into two categories: limited and adequate cancer health literacy classes with probability of 0.95 and 0.90, respectively. Invariant measurement properties of both instruments were supported between male and female patients as well as patients with and without high school diploma. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the psychometric properties of the CHLT-30-Chinese for measuring cancer health literacy as a continuous trait and CHLT-6-Chinese for identifying patients with limited cancer health literacy with high precision. The two tools are recommended for use in both daily practice and clinical trials.

Development of an Index to Measure West Nile Virus Transmission Risk in New Jersey Counties.

We developed an index for use by New Jersey counties to measure West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk to the human population. We used a latent profile analysis to develop the index, identifying categories of environmental conditions associated with WNV transmission risk to humans. The final model included 4 indicators of transmission risk: mosquito abundance and minimum field infection rate, temperature, and human case count. We used data from 2004 to 2018 from all 21 New Jersey counties aggregated into 11 2-wk units per county per year (N = 3,465). Three WNV risk classes were identified. The Low Risk class had low levels of all variables. The Moderate Risk class had high abundance, average temperature levels, and low levels of the other variables. The High Risk class had substantially above average human case likelihood, average temperature, and high mosquito infection rates. These results suggest the presence of 3 distinct WNV risk profiles, which can be used to guide the development of public health actions intended to mitigate WNV transmission risk to the human population.

Phase 3 Trials of Enhanced Versus Usual Care Physical Therapy for Patients at Risk of Poor Outcome Following Knee Arthroplasty: A Perspective on Meaning and a Way Forward.

Physical therapy is routinely delivered to patients after discharge from the hospital following knee arthroplasty. Posthospitalization physical therapy is thought to be beneficial, particularly for those patients most at risk of poor outcome, the subgroup with persistent function-limiting pain, despite an apparently successful surgery. Research teams have undertaken 3 large-scale multicenter Phase 3 randomized clinical trials designed specifically for patients at risk of poor outcome following knee arthroplasty. All 3 trials screened for poor outcome risk using different methods and investigated different physical therapist interventions delivered in different ways. Despite the variety of types of physical therapy and mode of delivery, all trials found no effects of the enhanced treatment compared with usual care. In all cases, usual care required a lower dosage of physical therapy compared with the enhanced interventions. This Perspective compares and contrasts the 3 trials, speculates on factors that could explain the no-effect findings, and proposes areas for future study designed to benefit the poor outcome phenotype.

Physical Therapy Use, Costs, and Value for Latent Classes of Good vs Poor Outcome in Patients Who Catastrophize About Their Pain Prior to Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To examine use, costs, and value of physical therapy (PT) among subgroups. DESIGN: We conducted an observational study of data from a randomized trial of a pain coping skills intervention. Good and poor outcome subgroups were determined based on Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain and Physical Function scores. The use and costs of PT care as well as changes in WOMAC Pain and Physical Function scores over 4 time periods during a 1-year follow-up were reported. We compared the number of PT visits, total PT costs, and cost per 1-unit improvement in WOMAC scores for the 2 latent subgroups. SETTING: Five academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who catastrophized about their pain prior to knee arthroplasty (N=384). INTERVENTIONS: Pain coping skills training, arthritis education, and usual care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The WOMAC Pain Scale was the primary outcome. RESULTS: The value of PT was lower and the cost of PT was higher for poor vs good outcome subgroups beginning 2 months after knee arthroplasty. For example, during the 2- to 6-month period, participants in the poor outcome subgroup incurred a PT cost of $5181.22 per 1-unit improvement in WOMAC Pain compared with $437.87 per 1-unit improvement in WOMAC Pain for the good outcome subgroup (P<.001). From the 6- to 12-month period, WOMAC scores worsened for the poor outcome subgroup, indicating no benefit from PT. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in 2 latent classes demonstrated clinically important differences in value of PT. Future research should identify rehabilitation-based interventions that reduce utilization and enhance effectiveness for patients at high risk for poor outcome.

Visual-vestibular mismatch correlates with headache.

BACKGROUND: Dizziness affects 20-30%of the general population. A subgroup of dizzy patients with chronic migraine suffers vertigo implying that the migraine has a vestibular component. Vestibular migraine remains a diagnosis of exclusion based on history. OBJECTIVE: A link between headaches and dizziness suggests that these individuals would demonstrate dizziness and instability in complex, dynamic visual environments as a result of an inability to correctly process conflicting visual and vestibular signals. METHODS: A convenience sample of 74 patients (22 men and 52 women; average age 56.2 years) who presented with complaints of dizziness participated. Effects of Visual-Vestibular Mismatch (VVM) were measured using a modified VVM questionnaire. Visual dependence was measured as the error to subjective visual vertical using a computerized Rod and Frame test. RESULTS: Forty-two participants (56.8%) tested positive for VVM. Of these, 68.9%were patients with concomitant complaints of headaches. Visual dependence was present in 41.5%of all patients but showed no significant correlation with headache. 22.2%of patients had visual dependence and complained of headaches. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that sensory reweighting occurs in patients experiencing dizziness and headache, supports the role of vestibular involvement in this disorder, and provides future direction for novel interventions.