Evaluating the Impact of Office Hysteroscopy in a Military Treatment Facility.

INTRODUCTION: Office hysteroscopy has become a cornerstone of modern gynecologic care through the advent of advanced technology and emphasis on an efficient healthcare system. In 2017, Medicare announced an increase in office hysteroscopy reimbursement by 237%, giving an incentive for gynecologists to move from the operating room into the clinic. The U.S. military medical system needs more cost-effective and efficient healthcare, given that the cost of military healthcare increased by 130% between 2000 and 2012 (accounting for 10% or $52 billion of the Department of Defense budget). Within our institution, we have moved to conducting a regularly scheduled outpatient hysteroscopy clinic. Increased healthcare costs, decreased available operating room time, and efforts to boost patient and provider satisfaction drove the change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After institutional review board approval, we performed a retrospective observational cost-benefit analysis of 235 outpatient and 45 inpatient records that included female military healthcare beneficiaries age 18 or older who had diagnostic or operative hysteroscopy performed in the operating room or office setting from January 2015 to October 2018. We specifically focused on diagnostic hysteroscopy, hysteroscopic biopsy and polypectomy, and hysteroscopic foreign body removal (intrauterine device removal). We then compared admission time, procedure time, reimbursement, and cost for each of the hysteroscopic procedure groups to yield a total cost-benefit value (TCBV). TCBV was defined as cost savings plus difference in reimbursement rate. RESULTS: This study analyzes the costs and benefits of a regularly scheduled hysteroscopy clinic within the U.S. military medical system. We performed a cost-benefit analysis that indicated a substantial difference between clinic and operating room TCBV, total relative value units or reimbursement rates, and total patient care time. We found the average admission time for an inpatient procedure was 6.23 hours compared to our standard 1-hour clinic time. The average success rate for procedure completion in the clinic was 89%. We found the average TCBV for 100 patients (after 11% reoperation rate) to be as high as $64,220, $159,940, and $66,709 for diagnostic hysteroscopy, hysteroscopic biopsy and polypectomy, and hysteroscopic foreign body (intrauterine device) removal, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to traditional operating room hysteroscopy, we were able to demonstrate reduced costs with increased reimbursement while performing the same scope of care for patients undergoing office hysteroscopy. Decreased total time in performing office hysteroscopy suggests the potential benefit of increased patient and provider satisfaction. Our study indicated substantial incentive for military gynecologists to incorporate office hysteroscopy into their practice given the increased relative value units generated. Our office hysteroscopy protocol is discussed to encourage other military facilities to follow in our footsteps.

Review of Sterilization Techniques and Clinical Updates.

Sterilization is the most common form of contraception used worldwide and is highly effective in preventing unintended pregnancy. Each of the available sterilization methods has unique advantages and disadvantages that influence the choice of approach for each individual patient. Salpingectomy for sterilization has become more popular in recent years, with mounting evidence suggesting a protective effect against ovarian cancers originating in the fallopian tube. At the same time, Essure hysteroscopic sterilization has come under scrutiny because of increasing reports of possible adverse effects associated with its use. Here we review clinical updates in sterilization techniques, with a focus on salpingectomy and Essure hysteroscopic sterilization.

Comparison of two simulation systems to support robotic-assisted surgical training: a pilot study (Swine model).

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of simulation-based training between the Mimic dV- Trainer and traditional dry lab da Vinci robot training. DESIGN: A prospective randomized study analyzing the performance of 20 robotics-naive participants. Participants were enrolled in an online da Vinci Intuitive Surgical didactic training module, followed by training in use of the da Vinci standard surgical robot. Spatial ability tests were performed as well. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 training conditions: performance of 3 Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery dry lab tasks using the da Vinci or performance of 4 dV-Trainer tasks. Participants in both groups performed all tasks to empirically establish proficiency criterion. Participants then performed the transfer task, a cystotomy closure using the daVinci robot on a live animal (swine) model. The performance of robotic tasks was blindly assessed by a panel of experienced surgeons using objective tracking data and using the validated Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Surgery (GEARS), a structured assessment tool. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in surgeon performance was found between the 2 training conditions, dV-Trainer and da Vinci robot. Analysis of a 95% confidence interval for the difference in means (-0.803 to 0.543) indicated that the 2 methods are unlikely to differ to an extent that would be clinically meaningful. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, a curriculum on the dV- Trainer was shown to be comparable to traditional da Vinci robot training. Therefore, we have identified that training on a virtual reality system may be an alternative to live animal training for future robotic surgeons.

Incidental gynecological findings on computed tomographic colonography: prevalence and outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) is an investigational method for detecting colorectal polyps. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of gynecologic findings found incidentally on CTC, and to determine the incidence of additional radiological studies and surgical procedures. METHODS: An electronic database identified female patients who underwent CTC at Walter Reed Army Medical Center from January 2002 to July 2005. CTC reports were pared down using gynecologic keywords. Subsequent radiological studies and pathology reports were evaluated for women with gynecological findings. RESULTS: Gynecologic extracolonic findings (ECF) were identified in 71 (9.5%) of the 749 women who underwent CTC. Of these 71 women, 14 (20%) underwent additional radiological and/or surgical evaluation. Nine (13%) of these women underwent surgical evaluation; all pathologic diagnoses were benign. CONCLUSION: Gynecologic extracolonic findings are common in women undergoing CTC. These gynecologic ECF identified on CTC may lead to additional investigative studies and procedures.

Too little time to teach? Medical student education and the resident work-hour restriction.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the resident duty-hour restriction on medical student education through a survey of faculty, residents, and interns, with interns providing experience as students relative to implementation of work-hour restrictions. METHODS: A survey was performed at two (one military and one civilian) obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Additional surveys were obtained from an Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics workshop, which included military and nonmilitary attendees. RESULTS: The majority of faculty reported spending 5 to 10 hours per week in medical education before and after implementation of the work-hour restriction. Residents reported less time teaching students after work-hour restrictions were instituted. Nearly all interns, responding about their clinical clerkship experience as students, believed their educational experience would have been improved if residents were more involved in teaching. CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests residents are less involved in medical student education following implementation of the duty-hour restrictions.

Simulation training improves resident performance in operative hysteroscopic resection techniques.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a simulated training scenario improved resident performance in operative hysteroscopic resection. STUDY DESIGN: An interventional cohort study evaluated the ability of a hysteroscopic simulation model to improve resident performance in hysteroscopy. Residents were evaluated on operative hysteroscopy before training and at 1 and 6 months after training. Two physician graders, who were blinded to training status, evaluated the residents' performances. Statistical analyses included the chi2 and the t test, as appropriate. RESULTS: Hysteroscopic simulation training was associated with a reduction in operative times (11.8 minutes vs 7.4 minutes; P < .001) and resection times (4.3 minutes vs 2.4 minutes; P < .007) 1 month after training. At 6 months, total operative times were greater compared with those measured at 1 month, but resection times differed minimally. The total number of questions regarding hysteroscopic knowledge that were answered correctly increased from 15 to 26 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Training that used a simulation hysteroscopic model improved resident performance.

Utility of ultrasound in the combat theater: experiences of a gynecologist during Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of ultrasound in a combat theater. METHODS: A retrospective review of gynecology visits was evaluated at Camp Doha, Kuwait, from August 2003 through April 2004. Of the 1,737 visits, 237 required pelvic ultrasound. Demographic information, as well as the indications, diagnosis, and disposition of the patients, was compiled. RESULTS: The average age of the patient requiring ultrasound was 28 +/- 8 years. The primary presenting complaint was pelvic pain. Forty percent with pelvic pain had no identifiable cause. The most common final diagnosis was pregnancy. Of the 237 visits, the use of ultrasound resulted in 136 return-to-duty dispositions. Of the 31% who were administratively redeployed, the majority were secondary to pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Gynecologic ultrasound was found to be a very useful tool in the combat theater. Ultrasound resulted in improved diagnostic ability and enhanced reassurance to both provider and patient.

Pregnancy during Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate pregnancy during war-time deployment. METHODS: A retrospective review of gynecology visits was evaluated at Camp Doha, Kuwait, from August 2003 through April 2004. Of the 1,737 visits, 77 demonstrated a positive pregnancy test. These charts were evaluated for factors that may lead to important information for future deployments. RESULTS: The average age of the female soldier with a positive pregnancy test in theater was 27 +/- 7 years. The primary presenting complaint was amenorrhea. Ninety-two percent had an ultrasound. Fifty-four percent of visits were active duty, followed by Reserve, National Guard, and civilian government employees. Ninety-two percent were administratively redeployed. Seventy-seven percent of the soldiers became pregnant in country. Twenty-three percent arrived in country pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: Given the number of pregnancies before and during deployment, current screening procedures as well as new concepts in prevention need to be addressed.

Sexually transmitted diseases in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in a female active duty population deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom was the objective of this study. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was completed on all soldiers seeking outpatient gynecologic care at Camp Doha, Kuwait, from September 2003 through March 2004. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on data from all patients identified as having an STD. RESULTS: Forty-four soldiers (2.5% of all encounters) were diagnosed with STDs during the study period. Genital herpes, Condyloma acuminata, and chlamydia were the most commonly identified infections accounting for 30, 25, and 21% of the diagnoses, respectively. CONCLUSION: Transmission of STDs in the deployed environment continues to be problematic. Viral infections were more commonly encountered than were bacterial infections. Patient education and prevention should be emphasized. Consideration should be given to STD screening upon redeployment.

Pelvic pain presenting in a combat environment.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify the incidence of pain disorders in the deployed female active duty population in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was completed on all patients who were seen for gynecologic services at Camp Doha, Kuwait, from September 2003 through March 2004. One thousand seven hundred thirty-seven patients were identified. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of the 1,737 patients seen during the study period, 150 patients were identified as having a pelvic pain disorder. These patients accounted for 14% of all patients seen for gynecologic services. Mean age was 28 +/- 8 years (range, 15-53 years). Pelvic pain of unclear etiology and cystitis were the most common diagnoses made accounting for 19% and 16% of encounters. CONCLUSIONS: Acute pelvic pain disorders can be effectively managed in the combat environment. Optimization of predeployment regimens for management of pain is strongly recommended. Consideration should be given to making soldiers with chronic pelvic pain disorders that fail to respond to predeployment medical management nondeployable.

Laparoscopic appendectomy: a series of cases utilizing laparosonic coagulating shears as compared to endo-GIA and endoshears.

OBJECTIVE: To report a series of laparoscopic appendectomies utilizing laparosonic coagulating shears (LCS) (harmonic scalpel). STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective chart underwent laparoscopic appendectomy at Walter Reed Army Medical Center between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2001. Procedures were included if only 1 instrument was utilized for transection of the appendix: endoshears, endo-GIA (Tyco U.S. Surgical, Norwalk, Connecticut) or LCS. Procedures on ruptured appendixes and emergency procedures were excluded. Outcome variables of interest included operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay and complications. RESULTS: Mean estimated blood loss, mean operative times and hospital stay were consistent with those of other techniques of laparoscopic appendectomy. LCS was used more frequently for appendectomy performed at the time of another procedure than were endo-GIA and endoshears. There were no complications in the harmonic scalpel laparoscopic appendectomy series. CONCLUSION: This series demonstrates that laparoscopic appendectomy with LCS has low morbidity and is as efficacious as other methods of laparoscopic appendectomy.