Greenish-blue discoloration of the brain and heart after treatment with methylene blue.

Greenish-blue discoloration of the brain and heart was observed during the autopsy of a 63-year-old woman who had been treated with methylene blue for septic shock following a traffic accident. This "pistachio" or "avatar" discoloration occurs when the colorless metabolite leucomethylene blue is oxidized to methylene blue upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen. Other clinically documented adverse effects of methylene blue include greenish-blue urine and bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa. In medicine, methylene blue is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase with different clinical applications, namely, rapid reversal of circulatory shock that is refractory to fluid administration, inotropic agents, and vasoconstrictors. Postmortem differential diagnosis with putrefaction and hydrogen sulfide poisoning should be made, and forensic pathologists should be aware of methylene blue-related greenish-blue discoloration to avoid unnecessary workup and investigations.

Another suicide by sodium nitrite and multiple drugs: an alarming trend for "exit"?

This case report describes a fatal case of sodium nitrite and multiple drug consumption. A 37-year-old female was found in bed with a plastic bottle containing sodium nitrite and a bag containing multiple drugs and a suicide note. The results of the autopsy showed completely fixed grayish livor mortis, signs of asphyxia on the lips, and facial cyanosis. This represents the second case in just a few months and highlights how relatively easy it is to buy sodium nitrite to commit suicide, indicating that specific responses should focus on restricting its access, especially in large quantities. It was also evident that the number of web forums and shadow markets explaining how to use sodium nitrite for euthanasia (several times called the "exit") are increasing.

A fatal case by a suicide kit containing sodium nitrite ordered on the internet.

Fatal sodium nitrite poisonings are rare in the forensic context. The present work describes a first fatal case of sodium nitrite contained in a suicide kit that the victim acquired over the internet. The results of the autopsy showed general signs of asphyxia, such as intense cyanosis of the extremities, brown-gray-blue-red livor mortis, and some Tardieu petechiae in addition to intense visceral congestion. It is clear that forensic experts must be aware of the proliferation of this market and the risks of improper selling of these substances through suicide support networks available on the internet. The lack of knowledge of this reality may become unidentifiable, when toxicological analysis contemplates only the most classical and frequent substances involved in poisoning and reinforce the importance of a careful analysis of the death scene.

Suicide by inhalation of butane gas through a homemade adaptation of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) face mask.

Fatal poisoning due to butane inhalation has been described in the clinical and forensic literature. We report the first case of a seventy-year-old obese man with a history of sleep apnea and depression, who was found dead in bed after inhaling butane gas through a homemade adaptation of his own continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) face mask. The death scene investigation, autopsy findings and toxicological results are described. The cause of death was suspected to be due to asphyxia through butane inhalation.

The importance of pelvic ring stabilization as a life-saving measure in pre-hospital - A case report commented by autopsy.

Hip fractures with unstable pelvic ring have great morbidity and mortality rates. These fractures result from high energy trauma such as falls from heights, road accidents and collapsing structures or other similar mechanisms of action. We report the case of a 63 years old man, construction worker, who stood inside a ditch during a wall construction when he was surprised by this collapse, which resulted in direct trauma to the right thigh and pelvis. The autopsy revealed diaphysis fracture of the right femur with an open book pelvic fracture with severe hemorrhagic infiltration and hematoma of the pelvic muscles without arterial injury. Bone bleeding and the vascular damage associated with disruption of the sacroiliac ligaments promote a very significant bleeding. Simple maneuvers such as sheet circumferential compression to promote pelvic ring closure are effective on stabilizing and closure of the sacroiliac joint. Hip manipulation of the fracture was performed during the necropsy to demonstrate and prove how a simple sheet contention can promote stabilization of the pelvic ring by closing the sacroiliac joints in open book fractures.

A rare case of digital myiasis.

Cutaneous myiasis is the infestation of the skin or mucous membranes by larvae of the order Diptera. Wound myiasis affect the skin with a previous lesion, and it may consume both dead and living tissue. Finger infestation is rarely a cause of death, but it may provoke considerable morbidity. Prompt wound exploration and careful total larvae removal is essential to achieve healing. In the reported case, the patient was presented in an advanced stage of the infestation, with a large area of finger necrosis and amputation, associated with cellulitis extending from the finger's base to the hand. This diagnosis helped uncover a familiar history of severe abuse and neglect. The accurate understanding and management of such injuries are important not only for the orthopaedic treatment but also for the acknowledgment of their social and forensic implications.

Spinous Process Osteochondroma as a Rare Cause of Lumbar Pain.

We present a case of a 5th Lumbar Vertebra (L5) spinous process osteochondroma as a rare cause of lumbar pain in an old patient. A 70-year-old male presented with progressive and disabling lower lumbar pain. Tenderness over the central and left paraspinal area of the lower lumbar region and a palpable mass were evident. CT scan showed a mass arising from the spinous process of L5. Marginal resection of the tumor was performed through a posterior approach. The histological study revealed an osteochondroma. After surgery, pain was completely relieved. After one year there was no evidence of local recurrence or symptoms. Osteochondromas rarely involve the spine, but when they do symptoms like pain, radiculopathy/myelopathy, or cosmetic deformity may occur. The imagiologic exam of election for diagnosis is CT scan. When symptomatic the treatment of choice is surgical resection. The most concerning complication of osteochondromas is malignant transformation, a rare event.

A Wormian Bone, Mimicking an Entry Gunshot Wound of the Skull, in an Anthropological Specimen.

Wormian bones (WB) are irregular small cranial ossicles found along suture lines and fontanels. In Brazil, gunshot wounds to the skull are quite common in young individuals. Nevertheless, as far as we know, this is the first report of a WB giving an erroneous aspect of gunshot entrance due to its displacement position. The present manuscript describes the case of a Brazilian young man who died due to ballistic trauma, where a gaping bony defect on the right side of the skull was thought to be the exit wound of an injury related to the destruction found on the left side, highly suggestive of firearm injury. Thus, this case study has brought to light similarities between a traumatic lesion and an orifice of a WB, with emphasis on differential diagnosis during routine anthropological examinations.

Death by chumbinho: aldicarb intoxication-regarding a corpse in decomposition.

Chumbinho is the popular name given to carbamate aldicarb (Temik), an insecticide commonly used in agriculture and highly toxic (LD50 = 0.9 mg/kg oral in rats) that has been sold clandestinely in several regions of Brazil. Chumbinho is sold illegally as raticide and is available in a formulation of small black granules which are easily mixed with food for criminal purposes, its use often being attributed to accidents and suicides, hence the importance of its inclusion in the toxicology studies of suspicious deaths. With the corpse putrefaction, many pathological and toxicological anatomical parameters are damaged or lost. This study emphasizes the importance of the gastric content observation, which in this case has, despite the advanced putrefaction, recognized the presence of chumbinho and guide its toxicological confirmation.

Enlarged parietal foramina: a rare forensic autopsy finding.

Enlarged parietal foramina (EPF) are a quite rare developmental defect of the parietal bone which has to be distinguished from the normal small parietal foramina. We report a forensic case of an individual found in an advanced state of putrefaction in his own house with an undetermined cause of death. No evidence of trauma was observed, and the toxicological exam was negative. The victim was a 40-year-old man with a history of epilepsy. The large biparietal foramina, a rare anatomical variation and unusual autopsy finding, were observed at autopsy. The recognition of anatomical variations is important to avoid false interpretations and conclusions and has a significant potential as an identity factor, thus contributing to positive identification.

[Flagrant of a Clavicle Fracture as Bullfight Injury]. / Flagrante de uma Fratura da Clavícula por Acidente Tauromáquico.

The Vila Franca de Xira Hospital is located in the region with the highest number of festivals and bullfighting activities of Portugal. As a natural consequence, the hospital ends up with a particular experience in the treatment of victims of bullfighting accidents. These are usually common people harvested in street celebrations during the traditional festivals of the region, but also workers such as cattle herders, foremen, ranchers and others who handle the wild cattle and in particular those who deal with the bulls, such as forcados, banderilleros, matadors and cavaleiros. Although we may refer the perforating injuries generated by the horns of bulls, the most frequent injuries are the blunt ones, among them bruises and fractures of the limbs. This work shows the typical striking of a bull horn, showing the violence of the trauma in bullfighting accidents, which in this case resulted only on the fracture of the clavicle from the member hit in the fall.

O Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira está localizado na região com maior número de festejos e atividades tauromáquicas de Portugal. Como consequência natural, o hospital acaba por possuir uma particular experiência no tratamento de vítimas de acidentes tauromáquicos. São normalmente populares colhidos em festejos de rua oriundos das festas tradicionais da região, mas também os acidentes de trabalho de profissionais como campinos, maiorais, ganadeiros entre outros que manejam o gado bravo com destaque para os profissionais do toureio, forcados, bandarilheiros, matadores e cavaleiros. Embora possamos remeter-nos para as lesões perfurantes geradas pelos cornos dos touros, são as lesões de natureza contundente as mais frequentes, entre elas as contusões e fraturas dos membros. Este trabalho mostra o flagrante de uma típica cornada, demonstrando a violência do traumatismo nos acidentes tauromáquicos, que neste caso resultou apenas na fratura da clavícula do membro atingido na queda.

Death in the "microwave oven": A form of execution by carbonization.

Death in the "microwave oven" has nothing to do with microwaves energy. It is the jargon name given to a criminal form of execution by carbonization that has been adopted by drug dealers in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The goal is to torture and intimidate victims, in an attempt of corpse occultation and to make identification harder or impossible. This paper brings to attention of the forensic international community an unusual and very cruel form of execution as a way to document these situations.

"Death by a thread"--peritonitis due to visceral perforation by a guide wire, during proximal femur osteosynthesis with DHS: a fatal case and legal implications.

Iatrogenic intestinal perforations in orthopaedic surgery are very rare. Reports of iatrogenic lesions caused by a guide wire during femur fracture osteosynthesis are even scarcer. There are no similar reports in recent literature. As opposed to what is normally described the lesion documented in this case report was not identified on time resulting in death by peritonitis. The forensic autopsy allowed the identification of an intestinal perforation with faecal leakage to peritoneal space in association with a vesical perforation enabling the reproduction of the guide wire path. In view of the increasing number of osteosynthesis it is essential for the surgeon to be aware of possible complications due to guide wire perforations. Cases like this go unnoticed if the forensic pathologist is not familiarized with the surgical technique which may explain the rarity of such descriptions in literature.

Knee glomangioma: a rare location for a glomus tumor.

Glomus tumor is a rare, benign neoplasm rising from the glomus apparatus of the skin. It occurs most frequently on fingers and toes and accounts for 1.6% of all soft tissue tumors. Clinical diagnosis may prove difficult if the tumor occurs on an extra digital location. We report a case of a vascular-type glomus tumor (glomangioma) found in an atypical location, namely the lateral aspect of the knee joint.

Importância do registo nacional de artroplastias na identificação médico-legal / Importance of a national arthroplasty register for identification by medical examiner

Desastres de massa são realidades que sucedem com lamentável frequência. Nestas situações, um dos problemas forenses fundamentais é o da identificação das vítimas. Todos os elementos susceptíveis de puderem contribuir para tal identificação são essenciais e, entre eles, as próteses ortopédicas, que frequentemente permanecem intactas. Estas são basicamente constituídas de polímeros, cerâmicas ou metais. O componente metálico normalmente composto por titânio, cromo, cobalto ou liga de aço resiste após violentos traumatismos ou altas temperaturas. A identificação humana é possível se estabelecer a identidade do implante e este puder ser associado à pessoa na qual foi colocado. O logotipo da prótese reconhece o fabricante e o número de série pode ser confrontado com o processo clínico ou com o registro de próteses como já vem sendo adotado em diversos países. A informação da base de dados deve ter o nome do doente, o modelo do implante e o seu número de série para ser consultado apenas nos casos de identificação forense, respeitando obviamente questões éticas de privacidade. Este artigo realça a importância da criação do registo nacional de próteses.

Mass catastrophes are realities that come to pass with lamentable frequency. In such situations, one of the fundamental forensic problems is in relation to identifying the victims. All the elements that might be capable of contributing towards this identification process are essential, and among these are orthopedic prostheses, which frequently remain intact. These prostheses consist basically of polymers, ceramics or metals. Metal components, which are usually composed of titanium, chromium, cobalt or steel alloys, are resistant to violent trauma or high temperatures. Human identification is possible if the identity of the implant is established and if this can be correlated with the individual in whom it was implanted. The logo on the prosthesis establishes who the manufacturer was and the serial number can be compared with the clinical process or with a prosthesis register, as has been implemented in several countries. The information in the database should include the patient's name, the implant model and its serial number, for consultation only in cases of forensic identification, while obviously respecting ethical issues of privacy. This article highlights the importance of creating a national prosthesis register.

IMPORTANCE OF A NATIONAL ARTHROPLASTY REGISTER FOR IDENTIFICATION BY MEDICAL EXAMINER.

Mass catastrophes are realities that come to pass with lamentable frequency. In such situations, one of the fundamental forensic problems is in relation to identifying the victims. All the elements that might be capable of contributing towards this identification process are essential, and among these are orthopedic prostheses, which frequently remain intact. These prostheses consist basically of polymers, ceramics or metals. Metal components, which are usually composed of titanium, chromium, cobalt or steel alloys, are resistant to violent trauma or high temperatures. Human identification is possible if the identity of the implant is established and if this can be correlated with the individual in whom it was implanted. The logo on the prosthesis establishes who the manufacturer was and the serial number can be compared with the clinical process or with a prosthesis register, as has been implemented in several countries. The information in the database should include the patient's name, the implant model and its serial number, for consultation only in cases of forensic identification, while obviously respecting ethical issues of privacy. This article highlights the importance of creating a national prosthesis register.