ESTUDIO METAGENÓMICO DE LA MICROBIOTA INTESTINAL EN PACIENTES CON OBESIDAD MÓRBIDA SOMETIDOS A CIRUGÍA BARIÁTRICA / METAGENOMIC STUDY OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN PATIENTS WITH MORBID OBESITY UNDERGOING BARIATRIC SURGERY

Introducción: La cirugía bariátrica (CB) es un tratamiento quirúrgico de la obesidad, cuyo objetivo es lograr el descenso de peso, de masa grasa y alcanzar un impacto metabólico a largo plazo. Se ha observado que ciertos pacientes no responden tan efectivamente a la cirugía, teniendo un descenso de peso inefectivo o recuperando peso tardíamente, y los mecanismos por lo que esto ocurre aún no están bien caracterizados. La microbiota intestinal tiene un rol esencial en varios de los procesos metabólicos asociados a la obesidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el metagenoma intestinal de pacientes candidatos para CB y otros que fueron operados, así como también evaluar las diferencias entre aquellos pacientes que tuvieron un resultado exitoso de la CB y los que no. Material y método: Se extrajo el ADN de 200 mg de heces de pacientes que cumplen criterios de CB, divididos en 3 grupos, basal (preoperatorio), 12 meses y más de 24 meses postoperatorios, con el fin de estudiar y comparar el perfil taxonómico de las comunidades bacterianas de la microbiota intestinal. Resultados: Mientras que la riqueza específica de los grupos de estudio no presentó diferencias significativas, la diversidad beta, que considera las abundancias relativas de los miembros de las comunidades bacterianas estudiadas, evidenció una composición global significativamente diferente entre los grupos de estudio. Sin embargo, nuestro análisis no identificó taxones específicos que pudieran dar explicación a la distinta evolución postoperatoria de los pacientes. Discusión: En la estructura de las comunidades microbianas, se observaron diferencias numéricas entre los grupos en cuanto a la riqueza y abundancia de taxones así como la comparación cuanti y cualitativa. Esta última presentó significativa disimilitud. Los resultados muestran que la principal diferencia entre los grupos de estudio se basó en la abundancia relativa de los gérmenes, cuyo estudio integral podría revelar patrones más consistentes y significativos vinculados a los mecanismos de respuesta terapéutica en sujetos sometidos a CB

Introduction: Bariatric surgery (BS) is a surgical treatment of obesity, which aims to achieve weight loss, fat mass loss and achieve a long-term metabolic impact. It has been observed that certain patients do not respond as effectively to surgery, having ineffective weight loss or regaining weight late, and the mechanisms by which this occurs are not yet well characterized. The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in several of the metabolic processes associated with obesity. The objective of our study was to characterize the intestinal metagenome of candidate patients for CB and others who underwent surgery, as well as evaluate the differences between those patients who had a successful outcome from CB and those who did not. Material and method: DNA was extracted from 200 mg of feces from patients who met the criteria for surgical indication divided into 3 groups, baseline (preoperative), 12 months and more than 24 months postoperatively, in order to analyze and compare the taxonomic profile of the bacterial communities of the intestinal microbiota. Results: While the specific richness of the study groups did not present significant differences, beta diversity, which considers the relative abundances of the members of the bacterial communities studied, showed a significantly different global composition between the study groups. Nevertheless, our study did not identify specific taxa that could explain the different postoperative evolution of the patients. Discussion: In the structure of the microbial communities, numerical differences were observed between the groups in terms of the richness and abundance of taxa as well as the quantitative and qualitative comparison. The latter evidenced significant dissimilarity. The results show that the main difference between the study groups was based on the relative abundance of the germs, whose comprehensive study could reveal more consistent and significant patterns linked to the therapeutic response mechanisms in subjects subjected to CB. Bariatric surgery (BS) is a surgical treatment of obesity, whose objective is to achieve weight loss, fat mass and achieve a longterm metabolic impact. However, it has been observed that certain patients do not respond as effectively to surgery, having ineffective weight loss or late weight regain, and the mechanisms by which this occurs are not yet well characterized. The intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in several of the metabolic processes associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to characterize the intestinal metagenome of patients who will and who underwent BS, as well as to assess the differences between those patients who had a successful BS outcome and those who did not. Our results did not identify specific taxa that could explain the different evolution of the patients. While the specific richness of the study groups did not present significant differences, the beta diversity, which considers the relative abundances of the members of the studied bacterial communities, showed a significantly different global composition between the study groups

Laparoscopic Conversion of Gastric Plication to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic gastric plication (LGP) is a relative new bariatric procedure with a high revision rate, mostly to sleeve gastrectomy. There are few reported cases of conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The purpose of this video was to show the feasibility and safety, as well as the main technical aspects, of a laparoscopic conversion of gastric plication to RYGB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 40-year-old morbidly obese woman with a previous LGP, consulted for insufficient weight loss, weight regain, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms, and was converted to RYGB. RESULTS: Surgical technique included lysis of adhesions between the stomach and the greater omentum, take down of the plication, partial gastrectomy of the devascularized fundus and body and conversion to RYGB. At 30 months, she has achieved a total weight loss (TWL) of 42.43% with no GERD symptoms recurrence. CONCLUSION: Conversion to RYGB is a safe and effective option to treat weight recidivism and GERD after LGP.

Laparoscopic Removal of Eroded Non-Adjustable Gastric Band and Conversion to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

This video shows the case of a 64-year-old morbidly obese woman, with a non-adjustable gastric band, who consulted for weight regain and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and was converted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The operative technique included extensive lysis of adhesions, complete band dissection, partial gastrectomy of the fundus and body due to band erosion and conversion to RYGB.

Venous Malformation of the Esophagus.

Venous malformations are an extremely infrequent condition in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the esophagus. We report a rare case of an adult with an asymptomatic mass located in the mediastinum and in whom the diagnosis and treatment of a venous malformation of the esophagus was performed through a thoracoscopic approach. When dealing with a hypervascularized submucosal esophageal tumor, venous malformations can be among the differential diagnoses.

Esophageal adenocarcinoma five years after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has become the most popular bariatric procedure worldwide. However, postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease appearance is a matter of concern. Only two cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma after gastric sleeve have been described, none of them with preoperative endoscopic evaluation. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report a case of a 48-year-old male with morbid obesity and normal preoperative endoscopy and esophagram who underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and developed an esophageal adenocarcinoma five years later. DISCUSSION: Despite promising results in terms of weight loss and resolution of comorbidities, the onset or worsening of gastroesophageal reflux and its related complications, such as Barrett's esophagus or esophageal adenocarcinoma, is a matter of concern and need further study. CONCLUSION: We present a case of an esophageal adenocarcinoma five years after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity. There is need to better determine the relationship between sleeve gastrectomy and gastroesophageal reflux disease in order to prevent its related complications, such as esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Transrectal hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) nephrectomy in a porcine model.

OBJECTIVE: To examine feasibility of transrectal hybrid natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) nephrectomy in the porcine model. NOTES uses ports of entry to the peritoneal cavity instead of abdominal wall incisions, thereby eliminating visible scar and also potentially reducing postoperative pain. METHODS: After obtaining Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, 3 female pigs (45 kg) underwent transrectal hybrid NOTES nephrectomy (2 right, 1 left). Pneumoperitoneum was created by a periumbilically-inserted 12-mm trocar, through which a laparoscope was advanced to obtain intraabdominal visualization. A horizontal incision was made 2 cm above the dentate line and a submucosal tunnel was created in the posterior rectal wall/presacral space. A dual-channel gastroscope was advanced through the submucosal tunnel and retroperitoneum to the level of the kidney using air insufflation. A window in the peritoneum was created and renal mobilization was completed. A transumbilically applied laparoscopic 45-mm stapler was used to transect the ureter and renal hilum. A specimen extraction bag was deployed transrectally and the specimen was delivered intact, followed by transrectal incision closure. RESULTS: Transrectal hybrid NOTES nephrectomy was successfully performed in all cases. Mean operative time was 180 minutes (30 minutes for rectal access). Estimated blood loss was 50 mL. On necropsy, no intraabdominal injuries were noted. CONCLUSIONS: In this initial report on feasibility of transrectal hybrid NOTES nephrectomy, we were able to perform the procedures with minimal blood loss and extract intact specimen. Survival studies are prerequisite to assess sterility and short- and long-term complications. This approach may be useful as an alternative to transvaginal access.