[The transmembranous passes of K+ in brain cortex under radiation and chemical influences and their modification with natural adaptogen].

An investigation of the influence of chronic low-intensity irradiation with 0.25 Gr dose and of a mixture of heavy metal salts both apart and together, as well as when correcting with a natural adaptogen such as Spirulina platensis, on passive and active transport of potassium and the work efficiency of Na,K-pump in slices of brain cortex was the problem of this study. As a biological model for in vivo researches on molecular-cellular level the thin layers of a rat brain cortex were used. It was shown that both radiation and chemical factors cause reliable changes of passive membrane permeability and operation of Na,K-pump, whose function is the maintenance of the certain gradient of potassium ions on the plasmatic membrane, the normalization of ion homeostasis, the stabilization of membranous potential. The analysis of calculated indexes of passive and of active ion transport show that at modification of X-rays influence with a mixture of heavy metal salts exactly the last makes the main contribution to efficiency decrease of energy-dependent transport of potassium. The natural adaptogen spirulina renders a better effect in the case of toxic action of the mixture of heavy metal salts, enlarging not only active transport of potassium ions, but its efficiency as well.

[Effects of single and chronic low-intensity irradiation in small doses on K+ transport in brain slices]. / Deistvie odnokratnogo i khronicheskogo oblucheniia v malykh dozakh na transport K+ v srezakh mozga.

Single and/or chronic X-ray low-intensity irradiation in doses from 0.01 up to 0.5 Gy invokes non-linear, oscillatory changes of K+ content in a native tissue of rat brain, and also of Na,K-pump activity in slices of rat brain cortex, incubated in vitro. It is found out that effects of separately taken equal doses of single and chronic exposure are of unequal means or of diverse directions. Thus the single irradiation is characterized by the lower degree of postradiation recovery processes.

[The biological effects of combined exposure to low-dose irradiation and heavy metal ions]. / Biologicheskie éffekty kombinirovannogo vozdeistviia nizkodozovogo oblucheniia i ionov tiazhelykh metallov.

It was shown that chronic 0.25 Gy irradiation of rats (0.01 Gy/day) at background of heavy metal penetration (Cu2+, 20 mg/l or Co2+, 5 mg/l) with drinking water had caused significant accumulation of the free-radical products proportional to exhausting antioxidant and oxidizing-reduction potential in various organs and tissues. Radiation was shown to be primary harmful factor for the brain, spleen, lungs, and blood plasma, whereas the liver and heart muscle were affected with chemicals at first. Under prolonged unfavourable influence the biochemical changes observed were sustainable and progressing that satisfied to transformation of protective-adaptive reactions into prepathology stage.

[The neuromediator modulation of the ionic composition of the brain cells in rats irradiated at nonlethal doses]. / Neiromediatornaia moduliatsiia ionnogo sostava kletok golovnogo mozga krys pri obluchenii v neletal'nykh dozakh.

It had been found that both the single prolonged irradiation and chronic (fractionated) one with doses of 25 and 50 cGy (1.75 mGy/min) caused essential modification of the biphase modulative effects of acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid upon K+ level in rat brain cortex slices to be compared to the acute lethal irradiation influence. The results of model experiments showed saturated fatty acids to be significant for the changes in regulative functions of nerve cell membranes after exposure to low dose-rate radiation.

[Pharmacological approaches to study of choline- and GABA-receptor sta tes in neuronal membranes after low doses irradiation]. / Farmakologicheskie podkhody k izucheniiu sostoianiia kholino- i GAMK- retseptorov neironal'nykh membran pri rentgenovskom obluchenii s maloi moshchnost'iu dozy.

As a result of the study of both the acetylcholine (10(-10) M; 10(-6) M) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (10(-9) M; 10(-5) M) effects on active K+ transport in rat brain cortex slices using any selective antagonists of cholinoreceptors (ChR) and GABA-receptors (GABA-R) it had been shown that after whole-body 25 cGy irradiation (1.75 mGy/min) metabotropic muscarinic ChR and GABAB-R were involved into processes of neurotransmitter modulation, whereas under the normal conditions they were mediated via ionotropic nicotinic ChR and GABAA-R. Observed changes were supposed to be an adaptive reaction. Perhaps, postirradiation structure-functional disorders in receptors were pointed as one of the reasons leading to essential changes in the interneuronal metabolic communication processes in CNS.

[Effect of beta-carotene oil and bee pollen on ion transport in rat brain slices following radiation-chemical exposure]. / Effekty beta-karotinovogo masla i pchelinoi obnozhki pri radiatsionno-khimicheskom vozdeistvii na ionnyi transport v srezakh mozga krys.

Chronic combined exposure to ionizing radiation with dose of 0.25 Gy and cadmium chloride or atrazine to be present in drinking water at five-fold Limited Permissible Concentration (LPC) values led to the additively reduced intercellular K+ level in rat brain, that was at first choice caused by the active ion transport disorders in the case of irradiation, and by the changes in membrane permeability in the case of toxic loading. Applying of beta-carotene oil and bee pollen both abolished radiation effects, but no chemical toxicant ones. Authors supposed the selective action of the observed drugs to be connected with antioxidant activities of them.

[The effect of chronic x-ray radiation at low doses on the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in rat organs and tissues]. / Vliianie khronicheskogo rentgenovskogo izlucheniia v malykh dozakh na aktivnost' gamma-glutamiltranspeptidazy v organakh i tkaniakh krys.

Effect of chronic low dose X-ray irradiation (total doses of 2.58, 5.16, 6.46, 7.75, 10.32 and 12.92 mC/kg) on gamma-glytamyltranspeptidase activity was investigated in rat organs and tissues which were different by radiosensitivity. Enzymatic activity was measured one hour after exposure. The increase in enzymatic activity was found in brain, liver, lungs, spleen, blood serum and partially in kidneys under all exposure doses. Exposure to 2.58, 5.16 and 12.92 mC/kg inhibited gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in small intestines.

[The glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity in the organs and blood of rats following chronic irradiation at low doses]. / Soderzhanie glutationa i aktivnost' glutation-S-transferazy v organakh i krovi krys posle khronicheskogo oblucheniia v malykh dozakh.

The effect of chronic low dose-rate irradiation with X-rays up to total doses of 2.58, 5.16, 6.46, 7.75, 10.32, 12.92 mC/kg on glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity in Wistar rats organs, different by radiosensitivity, was studied 1 h after exposure. It has been shown that level of oxidized and reduced glutathione forms was not changed after exposure to 2.58 mC/kg, was enhanced in kidney and brain tissues after exposure to 5.16 and 6.46 mC/kg and was decreased in brain, lungs, small intestines and blood serum after ray exposures to higher doses. Inhibition of glutathione-S-transferase activity was found in liver, kidneys and spleen.

[The postradiation effect of noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine on the activity of the Na-K pump in rat brain slices]. / Postradiatsionnyi éffekt noradrenalina, serotonina i dofamina na aktivnost' Na,K-nasosa srezov mozga krys.

Whole-body X irradiation with doses of 0.155 and 0.310 C/kg was shown to modify in different ways the activating effects of noradrenaline and serotonin, as well as a biphase effect of dopamine (5.10(-8)--1.5.10(-3) M) on Na,K-pump of neuronal membranes. The resulting effect was a function of a combination of radiation doses and neurotransmitter concentrations and thus showed different modes of interaction between neurotransmitter and ion-transport systems of brain cells in radiation sickness. The authors discuss possible molecular mechanisms of radiation modification of the functional interaction between the neurotransmitter and the active ion-transport systems in nerve cells.

[The postradiation effect of acetylcholine and GABA on the active potassium uptake by slices of rat cerebral cortex]. / Postradiatsionnyi éffekt atsetilkholina i GAMK na aktivnyi zakhvat kaliia srezami kory golovnogo mozga krys.

Whole-body X irradiation (0.155 and 0.310 C/kg) was shown to modify the biphase effect of acetylcholine and GABA on antigradient K+ uptake by rat brain sections. Radiation made the effects of neuromediators on active K+ transport be differently directed: acetylcholine enhanced the inhibitory effect of radiation and GABA restored the Na-K-pump function.

[The triboluminescence of the blood and the brain cellular elements in rats exposed to X irradiation in doses causing bone marrow, intestinal and cerebral syndromes]. / Triboliuminestsentsiia krovi i kletochnykh élementov golovnogo mozga krys pri vozdeistvii rentgenovskogo oblucheniia v dozakh, vyzyvaiushchikh kostnomozgovoi, kishechnyi i tserebral'nyi sindromy.

Triboluminescence of blood and brain cells (neurons and neuroglia) in bone marrow, intestinal and cerebral radiation syndromes has been investigated. Dynamics of triboluminescence intensity of neurons and glial cells after irradiation (0.013, 0.31 and 3.87 C/kg) is the same with that of blood triboluminescence.

[The effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on the intermediate filaments and the Ca2+-activated proteolysis system in the rat brain]. / Vliianie malykh doz ioniziruiushchei radiatsii na promezhutochnye filamenty i Ca2+-aktiviruemuiu sistemy proteoliza golovnogo mozga krysy.

The immunochemical methods were used to study the effect of low-level radiation (0.00645 C/kg and 0.0129 C/kg) on the content and polypeptide composition of glial intermediate filament proteins (GIFP) in different rat brain areas. Changes in glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) concentration were more significant with the dose of 0.0129 C/kg than 0.00645 C/kg. It is suggested that soluble GIFP is more susceptible to the effect of Ca(2+)-dependent proteinases, calpains, than the filament one is, and degrades as early as the first few hours following irradiation. However, low radiation doses were ineffective with respect to calpains activity in the animal brain. The increased Ca2+ concentration enhances considerably GFAP degradation under the effect of calpains I and II. It is suggested that with low radiation doses the rearrangements of glial intermediate filaments may occur due to activation of calpains by releasing Ca ions.

[Postradiation changes in the functioning of the systems of lipid peroxidation and phospholipase hydrolysis in the cellular formations of the brain]. / Postradiatsionnye izmeneniia funktsionirovaniia sistem perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov i fosfolipaznogo gidroliza v kletochnykh obrazovaniiakh mozga.

A study was made of the effect of irradiation with lethal and superlethal doses on lipid peroxidation and endogenous phospholipase hydrolysis in the enriched fractions of neurons and glia. Severe and irreversible changes occurred in a lipid membrane component of both neuronal and glial fractions of the brain under the effect of ionizing radiation.

[The effect of low-level x-irradiation on the key enzymes of the active ion transport system in the cell]. / De ie rentgenovskogo oblucheniia v maloi doze na kliuchevye fermanty Deistvie rentgenovskogo oblucheniia v maloi doze na kliuchevye fermenty sistem aktivnogo transporta ionov v kletke.

A study was made of the effect of ionizing radiation (0.013 C/kg) on Na, K- and Ca, Mg-ATPase activity in membranes of rat organs differing in radiosensitivity. It was shown that radiation mainly caused activation of enzymes that was most pronounced in brain membranes.

[The effect of radioprotective preparations on the system of active transport. Mitochondrial ATPase]. / Deistvie radioprofilakticheskikh preparatov na sistemy aktivnogo transporta ionov. ATFaza mitokhondrii.

The effects in vivo and in vitro of the radioprotective agents (MEA, AET, serotonin, dopamine, and histamine) on mitochondrial ATPase activity of rat brain and liver have been investigated. The enzyme activity has been found to be inhibited for the most. Possible mechanisms of the effects observed are discussed.

[The CNS syndrome. The characteristics of the intermediate filaments of the rat brain]. / TsNS-sindrom. Kharakteristika promezhutochnykh filamentov golovnogo mozga krysy.

A study was made of the effect of ionizing radiation on the content and polypeptide composition of filamentous and soluble glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in different regions of rat brain. Ionizing radiation was shown to decrease considerably the level of soluble GFAP in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, middle brain and hippocampus. Polypeptide composition of soluble GFAP detected by the immunoblot method was found to be changed considerably in different brain areas of irradiated animals.

[Postradiation changes to the systems of active ion transport in the CNS. The content of adenine nucleotides as an index of the energy support for transport]. / Postradiatsionnye izmeneniia sistem aktivnogo transporta ionov v TsNS. Soderzhanie adeninovykh nukleotidov kak pokazatel' énergeticheskogo obespecheniia transporta.

The postirradiation changes in the adenine nucleotide content and energy charge in large hemispheres of rat brain have been investigated. Dose dependent disturbances have been found in the adenine nucleotide system. Mechanisms of changes in the energy status of nerve cells in radiation disease are discussed.

[The action of radioprotectors on the systems of active ion transport. Na,K-ATPase]. / Deistvie radioprotektorov na sistemy aktivnogo transporta ionov. Na,K-ATFaza.

The in vivo and vitro studies have demonstrated that Na,K-ATPase activity in membranes of thymus, spleen, small intestine mucosa, liver, kidneys, and brain cortex of rats is inhibited by the effect of radioprotective agents: serotonin, dopamine, histamine, MEA, and AET.

[Lipid peroxidation and endogenous phospholipase hydrolysis during trauma and graded hypothermic load]. / Perekisnoe okislenie lipidov i éndogennyi fosfolipaznyi gidroliz v usloviiakh travmy i dozirovannoi gipotermicheskoi nagruzki.

Rates of lipid peroxidation and endogenous phospholipase hydrolysis were studied under conditions of simultaneous moderate hypothermia and traumatic ischemia of muscles. Activation of the reactions studied, which was expressed as an increase in content of malonic dialdehyde and free fatty acids, was of importance for pathogenesis of muscles impairments occurring in trauma. Local cooling affected favourably these patterns of lipid metabolism.

[Postradiation changes of the active ion transport systems of the CNS. Na, K-ATPase of neurons and neuroglia]. / Postradiatsionnye izmeneniia v sistemakh aktivnogo transporta ionov v TsNS. Na, K-ATFaza neironov i neiroglii.

A study was made of the effect of X-radiation (0.31 C/kg and 3.875 C/kg) on Na, K-ATPase in fractions enriched with neurons and neuroglia. The results show the impairment of the neuronal-glial relationship in Na, K-ATPase activity. The most important differences in the pattern of changes in Na, K-ATPase system of brain cells were followed up after irradiation with lethal and sublethal doses.