Bacillus tequilensis influences metabolite production in tomato and restores soil microbial diversity during Fusarium oxysporum infection.

This study evaluates cellular damage, metabolite profiling, and defence-related gene expression in tomato plants and soil microflora during Fusarium wilt disease after treatment with B. tequilensis PBE-1. Histochemical analysis showed that PBE-1 was the primary line of defence through lignin deposition and reduced cell damage. GC-MS revealed that PBE-1 treatment ameliorated stress caused by F. oxysporum infection. PBE-1 also improved transpiration, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance in tomato. qRT-PCR suggested that the defence-related genes FLS2, SERK, NOS, WRKYT, NHO, SAUR, and MYC2, which spread infection, were highly upregulated during F. oxysporum infection, but either downregulated or expressed normally in PBE-1 + P treated plants. This indicates that the plant not only perceives the bio-control agent as a non-pathogen entity but its presence in normal metabolism and gene expression within the host plant is maintained. The study further corroborated findings that application of PBE-1 does not cause ecological disturbances in the rhizosphere. Activity of soil microflora across four treatments, measured by Average Well Colour Development (AWCD), showed continuous increases from weeks 1 to 4 post-pathogen infection, with distinct substrate usage patterns like tannic and fumaric acids impacting microbial energy source utilization and diversity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and diversity indices like McIntosh, Shannon, and Simpson further illustrated significant microbial community shifts over the study period. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that B. tequilensis PBE-1 is an ideal bio-agent for field application during Fusarium wilt disease management in tomato.

CT coronary angiography as an alternative imaging method to ascertain cardiac output and its correlation with echocardiography.

AIM: To assess the feasibility and accuracy of cardiac output (CO) obtained using a test bolus in patients scanned with single-source prospective-gated cardiac computed tomography (CT), and comparing it with CO obtained from unenhanced two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography using biplane Simpson's method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, 100 patients with a mean age of 55 ± 12 years who underwent coronary CT angiography with prospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated CT in which the scan delay was evaluated using a test bolus. The time-attenuation curves obtained from the test bolus were used to calculate the CO of the patients. The CO obtained was then compared with that obtained after follow-up 2D echocardiography using biplane modified Simpson method. RESULTS: Linear regression was calculated between the CO and contrast enhancement: CO = -0.16(HUmax) + 7.65. The study showed good correlation between the two methods with r=0.77, p<0.001. On Bland-Altman analysis, no significant difference was noted between the two methods. CONCLUSION: This less researched method for CO estimation appears feasible; however, the clinical usefulness of this parameter is uncertain in absence of further clinical and reference standard validation.

Photoluminescence behavior of rare earth doped self-activated phosphors (i.e. niobate and vanadate) and their applications.

In the present study, the photoluminescence behaviors of rare earth doped self-activated phosphors are discussed briefly. Different techniques were used to develop these phosphor samples. We prepared pure and rare earth doped phosphor samples to look for their various applications. The structural confirmations and surface morphologies were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, respectively. The upconversion (UC) phenomenon was investigated in Tm3+/Yb3+ and Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped niobate and vanadate based phosphors, which gave intense blue/NIR and green/red emissions with a 980 nm diode laser as an excitation source. Pure niobate and vanadate phosphor materials are self-activated hosts which give broad blue emission under UV excitation. Upon UV excitation, intense broad blue emission along with sharp emissions due to Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions are observed via energy transfer between niobate/vanadate and rare earth ions. These self-activated hosts show prominent downshifting (DS) behavior. Broad band quantum cutting (QC) was observed in these self-activated hosts, in which a blue emitting photon is converted into two NIR photons by co-doping Yb3+ ions in it. The multimodal (upconversion, downshifting and quantum cutting) behaviors of these phosphors make them very promising in various applications, such as spectral converters to enhance the efficiency of a c-Si solar cell, security ink and color tunable materials.

Photoluminescence behavior of Eu3+ doped XAl2O4(X = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) phosphors: a comparative study.

In this work, the Eu3+doped stuffed tridymite type structure of alkaline earths aluminate i.e. XAl2O4(X = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) phosphor materials have been synthesized by conventional high temperature solid state reaction method at 1623 K. The Samples were structurally and morphologically characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. The vibrational behavior of the phosphor samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. The phosphor samples emit intense red emission in 610-615 nm range due to5D0 â†’ 7F2transition of Eu3+ion on excitation with charge transfer band (CTB) wavelength arising due to Eu3+-O2-and also by the discrete bands of Eu3+ions .The decay time of5D0level of Eu3+ion were recorded on excitation with 393 nm and by the CTB wavelength for all the four samples. The optimized 1 mol% Eu3+doped CaAl2O4phosphor exhibits optimum emission intensity and color purity under the excitation with 393 nm than others. The decay time is also found to be larger in the case of Eu3+doped CaAl2O4phosphor sample. Therefore, Eu3+doped CaAl2O4phosphor may be promising material for red color light emitting applications and white light generation.

Diversification Options in Sugarcane-Based Cropping Systems for Doubling Farmers' Income in Subtropical India.

Crop diversification provides an opportunity for farmers to maximize their profits, fulfilling multiple needs, avoid monsoon threats, and make the crop production system sustainable. Inclusion of various pulse/oilseed/vegetables/cereals/medicinal/aromatic crops with sugarcane brings forth cultivation of these crops in irrigated agro-system and improves the yields of component crops. Besides, the component crops improve soil fertility and create a favorable environment for the further growth of sugarcane crops. Sprouting in winter-initiated sugarcane ratoon could be enhanced by adopting fodder legumes such as Indian clover and Egyptian clover. Intercropping vegetables provides an ample opportunity for mid-season income generation and improves profitability. Besides, high-value medicinal and aromatic crops such as tulsi (holy basil), mentha could also be included in the sugarcane-based system. Crop residue management has been recognized as a critical issue in managing the crops in the various cropping systems. Including multiple bio-agents for fast decomposition of crop residues provides scope for managing soil organic carbon through crop residue recycling in the system. Resource use efficiencies, nutrient use, water use, and weed control could be increased by adopting suitable crops in intercropping systems. An integrated farming system involving crop, livestock, and fisheries options could improve farmers' profit besides employment generation in rural India. Recycling of bye products and co-products of other enterprises influences the viability and farmer's profitability of the system. Trash, press mud cake, vinasse, composted bagasse, rhizodeposition of stubble play a significant role in sustaining soil fertility and increasing crop productivity. New emerging crop diversification options, viz., intercropping of rajmash, winter maize, and garlic in autumn cane generate mid-season income and enhance the system's profitability for small and marginal cane growers. Dual-purpose legumes, viz., cowpea, and green gram as intercrops with spring-planted cane increase the pool of soil microbial biomass nitrogen capitalize allelopathic effects and sustain soil health. In the present paper, these issues have been discussed. Due to the adoption of location-specific and farmers-centric systems, farmers' profitability could be increased, providing sustainability to the sugarcane-based systems.

Analysis of the prescription pattern of psychotropics in an outpatient department of a general hospital psychiatry unit.

BACKGROUND: World Health Organization has prescribed drug use indicators for evaluating rational prescribing. Very few studies have been conducted on rational prescriptions for psychotropic drugs; hence, this study was undertaken at a tertiary care center of North India. METHODS: After obtaining approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee, all prescriptions deposited with the dispensary of the psychiatry department of the hospital between 01 October 2017 and 31 December 2017 were included in the study. The prescriptions were analyzed for drug use indicators, namely the average number of drugs per encounter, percentage of prescriptions with generic name, percentage of prescriptions from the essential drug list, percentage of prescriptions with antibiotics, and percentage of prescriptions with an injection. In addition, the prescriptions were analyzed for patterns of psychotropics prescribed. RESULTS: A total of 3770 prescriptions were analyzed. On an average, 2.35 medicines were prescribed per prescription. Injectable comprised 2.39% of prescriptions and fixed drug combinations were 0.16% of the total. Of all prescriptions, 91.3% were by generic name, while 55.02% of prescriptions were from the essential drug list. Polypharmacy constituted 4.53% of prescriptions. Risperidone, escitalopram, sodium valproate, and clonazepam were the most commonly prescribed drugs. CONCLUSION: While we fared well with respect to the percentage of prescriptions with injections and those with an antibiotic, we have not been able to achieve the prescribed standards in prescription with generic names, number of drugs per prescription, and prescriptions from the essential drug list. The study emphasizes that there is scope for improvement.

Age at first drink and severity of alcohol dependence.

BACKGROUND: Early age at first drink (AFD) has been linked to early onset and increased severity of alcohol dependence in various studies. Few Indian studies on AFD have shown a negative correlation between AFD and severity of alcohol dependence. Our study aimed to explore this relationship in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) diagnosed using ICD-10 criteria. METHODS: One hundred fifty-one consecutive patients freshly diagnosed with ADS were included in the study, which was conducted at the psychiatry unit of a tertiary care, multispecialty hospital. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) was used to assess severity of alcohol dependence. RESULTS: Mean AFD was 24.85 years (range = 13-40 years). Median ASI score was 36 (range = 21 to 57). The study yielded a weak negative correlation (ρ = -.105) between AFD and ASI, which was statistically not significant. CONCLUSIONS: We found no correlation between AFD and severity of alcohol dependence at detection in Indian Armed Forces personnel, which is contrary to what has been reported worldwide and in previous Indian studies. Delayed initiation of alcohol use among those enrolling in the Indian Armed Forces and early detection of alcohol dependence within the military environment are possible explanations.

A study of contralateral occult inguinal hernia in adult male patients undergoing total extraperitoneal herniorraphy.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of contralateral occult hernia (COH) varies from 4.2% to 57.5%. Total extraperitoneal (TEP) gives us opportunity to visualize contralateral groin for occult hernia and its simultaneous repair. Ultrasonography (USG) helps to diagnose occult hernia preoperatively with detection rate of 96.6% with specificity 84.4%. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to identify the incidence of contralateral occult inguinal hernia in clinically diagnosed unilateral inguinal hernia patients using USG as diagnostic modality and to compare the clinical outcomes of unilateral TEP vs. bilateral TEP with respect to pain, duration of hospital stay, time for return to normal work, and postoperative complications. SETTING AND DESIGN: This was a prospective observational, single-center study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 male patients were included in the study who was having clinically diagnosed unilateral hernia. All patients were assessed by USG for contralateral occult inguinal hernia. RESULTS: Incidence of COH was 10%, two (6.7%) had indirect defect, and 1 (3.3%) had direct defect. Two (6.7%) patients underwent bilateral TEP and 28 (93.3%) underwent unilateral TEP. No significant difference was observed in terms of mean duration of hospital stay, duration of surgery, and visual analog scale score for pain in both unilateral and bilateral TEP. The mean for resuming daily work in unilateral TEP was 4.86 ± 0.833 days and in bilateral TEP the mean was 7.50 ± 0.70 days and this showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with COH should be counselled for synchronous repair as there is no significant difference in clinical outcomes of unilateral and bilateral TEP. On the basis of this pilot study, it can be concluded that preoperative USG is mandatory for diagnosis and simultaneous management of preexisting contralateral hernia.

Colour Doppler evaluation of uterine and ovarian blood flow in patients of polycystic ovarian disease and post-treatment changes.

AIM: To assess the morphology and colour Doppler parameters in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and also to assess the changes in Doppler parameters in follow-up patients, who underwent treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 50 women of reproductive age who had clinical and biochemical findings suggestive of PCOS. Clinico-hormonal parameters were recorded. Ultrasound and colour Doppler flow measurements of bilateral ovaries were performed in the early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. After assessment of the bilateral ovaries, colour Doppler ultrasound was used to evaluate the main uterine artery at the cervico-uterine junction. Follow-up imaging after 3 months was undertaken in patients who underwent treatment (metformin) and changes in the imaging and hormonal parameters were correlated. RESULTS: The mean value of luteinising hormone (LH) and the ratio of LH: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was significantly higher in PCOS patients. Ultrasound parameters were significantly higher in PCOS patients. Ovarian stromal vessels in PCOS patients had a significantly higher peak systolic velocity (PSV), low resistance index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI). The PSV of uterine arteries were significantly decreased and the RI and PI were significantly increased. On follow-up patients revealed changes in hormonal parameters. CONCLUSION: PCOS is a heterogeneous disorder and is a convergence of multisystem endocrine derangements. Ultrasound is good diagnostic tool for PCOS and the use of Doppler aids in the evaluation of haemodynamic changes in small vessels of utero-ovarian circulation and in response assessment.

Opinions and clinical practices related to diagnosing and managing functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: changes in the last decade.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is large variability in the diagnostic approach and clinical management in functional movement disorders (FMD). This study aimed to examine whether opinions and clinical practices related to FMD have changed over the past decade. METHODS: Adapted from a 2008 version, we repeated the survey to members of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS). RESULTS: In all, 864/7689 responses (denominator includes non-neurologists) were received from 92 countries. Respondents were more often male (55%), younger than 45 (65%) and from academic practices (85%). Although the likelihood of ordering neurological investigations prior to delivering a diagnosis of FMD was nearly as high as in 2008 (47% vs. 51%), the percentage of respondents communicating the diagnosis without requesting additional tests increased (27% vs. 19%; P = 0.003), with most envisioning their role as providing a diagnosis and coordinating management (57% vs. 40%; P < 0.001). Compared to patients with other disorders, 64% of respondents were more concerned about missing a diagnosis of another neurological disorder. Avoiding iatrogenic harm (58%) and educating patients about the diagnosis (53%) were again rated as the most effective therapeutic options. Frequent treatment barriers included lack of physician knowledge and training (32%), lack of treatment guidelines (39%), limited availability of referral services (48%) and cultural beliefs about psychological illnesses (50%). The preferred term for communication favored 'functional' over 'psychogenic' (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Attitudes and management of FMDs have changed over the past decade. Important gaps remain in access to treatment and in the education of neurologists about the inclusionary approach to FMD diagnosis.

Tiempo de Vacunarte (time to get vaccinated): Outcomes of an intervention to improve HPV vaccination rates in a predominantly Hispanic community.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a culturally tailored evidence-based HPV vaccine educational intervention on psychosocial factors and vaccine completion in a largely low-income Hispanic population. Our study is a prospective community based intervention utilizing a prepost design. We recruited individual's dwelling in a border community aged 18-26 years or parents/guardians of children aged 9-17 years who had not completed the HPV vaccine series. We recruited 2380 participants between June 2015 and February 2018. We included 1796 participants in the final analysis. Mean age of the sample was 22.8 years (SD2.60). Majority of participants 63.99 were female and self-identified as Hispanic (97.4%). A total of 3192 vaccines were administered with an overall vaccine completion rate of 39.8%; 31.6% among adult participants compared to 48.7% among children. The Intervention significantly improved HPV knowledge by 61.66%, HPV awareness by 19.45%, Intention to vaccinate by 13.85%. For both adults and children being born in Mexico significantly improved the odds of vaccine completion (AOR: 2.154 95% CI: 1.439-3.224), while for adults only pre-intervention perceived benefits remained significant (AOR 1.101, CI: 1.002-1.210) and in children the main factor was parental perceived susceptibility of their child (AOR: 1.257 CI: 1.001-1.578). A Community based multicomponent HPV vaccine intervention significantly improved HPV immunization rates in a largely Hispanic population. Factors that affect completion of the HPV series are different among adults and children.

Proactive coping style and intentional self-harm: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Coping style adopted by a person has been identified as an important factor in precipitating or preventing an intentional self-harm attempt. While the influence of reactive coping has received lot of research attention, effects of proactive coping on suicidal behavior has not been studied, even though it is known that proactive coping is associated with better mental health. The authors in the current study sought to investigate the relationship of proactive coping style with attempted deliberate self-harm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 44 individuals who presented with intentional self-harm were compared with age, sex, marital status, and education-matched healthy controls. Pierce Suicide Intent Scale was used to ascertain suicidal intent, and Proactive Coping Inventory was used to assess proactive coping. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between subjects and controls for proactive coping, preventive coping, emotional support seeking, avoidance coping, and instrumental support seeking. However, participants scored higher in strategic planning (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Proactive coping has no significant relationship with intentional self-harm; however, more studies with better designs are needed to comment conclusively.

New piperidine derivative DTPEP acts as dual-acting anti-breast cancer agent by targeting ERα and downregulating PI3K/Akt-PKCα leading to caspase-dependent apoptosis.

OBJECTIVES: In our ongoing studies to develop ER targeting agents, we screened for dual-acting molecules with a hypothesis that a single molecule can also target both ER positive and negative groups of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1-(2-(4-(Dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine (DTPEP) was synthesized and screened in both MCF-7 (ER+ve) and MDA-MB-231 (ER-ve) cells. Assays for analysis of cell cycle, ROS, apoptosis and MMP loss were carried out using flow cytometry. Its target was investigated using western blot, transactivation assay and RT-PCR. In vivo efficacy of DTPEP was validated in LA-7 syngeneic rat mammary tumour model. RESULTS: Here, we report identification of dual-acting molecule DTPEP that downregualtes PI3K/Akt and PKCα expression, induces ROS and ROS-dependent apoptosis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, induces expression of caspase indicative of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In MCF-7 cells, DTPEP downregulates ERα expression and activation. In MDA-MB-231 cells, primary cellular target of DTPEP is not clearly known, but it downregualtes PI3K/Akt and PKCα expression. In vivo study showed regression of LA-7 syngeneic mammary tumour in SD rat. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a new dual-acting anti-breast cancer molecules as a proof of concept which is capable of targeting both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer.

Enhanced upconversion emission of Er3+/Yb3+ and Er3+/Yb3+/Zn2+ doped calcium aluminate for use in optical thermometry and laser induced optical heating.

There are two key factors to design an efficient green upconversion (UC) emission based optical sensor for temperature. The primary need is to develop a thermally stable and economical material, for a stable sensor, and the second essence is to get an efficient green UC emission, for high sensitivity of the sensor. The proof of this concept is demonstrated on a model system CaAl2O4: Er3+, co-doped with Yb3+ and Zn2+. UC emission of Er3+ ion is enhanced, primarily, through co-operative energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions. Secondly, we prove that, incorporation of Zn2+ ions alters local crystal field environment around Er3+ ions which causes an enhancement in green UC emission. The variation in intensity ratio of 2H11/2 â†’ 4I15/2 (green) and 4S3/2 â†’ 4I15/2 (green) transitions with temperature is studied to report the sensing property. We show that, sensitivity becomes better with an increase in UC efficiency and the best sensitivity is attained for CaAl(0.793)2Er0.007Yb0.05Zn0.15O4 sample, ∼0.0154 K-1 at 308 K. The obtained result is compared with other works and implies its better suitability. Further, the laser induced optical heating is also observed. The laser induced optical heating has been observed experimentally at 400 K above 1 W laser power. This has been further verified by theoretical justification of heating at various pump powers.

Investigation of Upconversion, downshifting and quantum -cutting behavior of Eu3+, Yb3+, Bi3+ co-doped LaNbO4 phosphor as a spectral conversion material.

This work presents the spectral conversion characteristics [upconversion (UC), downshifting (DS) and quantum-cutting (QC) optical processes] of Eu3+, Yb3+ and Bi3+ co-doped LaNbO4 (LBO) phosphor samples synthesized by solid state reaction technique. The crystal structure and the pure phase formation have been confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The surface morphology and particle size are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rarely observed intense red UC emission from Eu3+ ion has been successfully obtained in Eu3+/Yb3+ co-doped LaNbO4 phosphor (on excitation with 980 nm) by optimizing the concentrations of Eu3+ and Yb3+ ions. The downshifting (DS) behavior has been studied by photoluminescence (PL) measurements on excitation with 265 nm wavelength from a Xe lamp source. A broad blue emission in the region 300-550 nm with its maximum ∼415 nm due to charge transfer band (CTB) of the host and large number of sharp peaks due to f-f transitions of Eu3+ ion have been observed. The energy transfer has been observed from (NbO4)3- to Eu3+ ion and the fluorescence emission has been optimized by varying the concentration of Eu3+ ion. An intense red emission has also been observed corresponding to 5D0 â†’ 7F2 transition of Eu3+ ion at 611 nm in LBO: 0.09Eu3+ phosphor on excitation with 394 nm. The luminescence properties of Eu3+ ion are enhanced further through the sensitization effect of Bi3+ ion. The near infra-red (NIR) quantum cutting (QC) behavior due to Yb3+ ion has been monitored on excitation with 265 as well as 394 nm. The NIR QC is observed due to 2F5/2 â†’ 2F7/2 transition of Yb3+ ion via co-operative energy transfer (CET) process from (NbO4)3- as well as Eu3+ ions to Yb3+ ion. This multimodal behavior (UC, DS and QC) makes this a promising phosphor material for multi-purpose spectral converter.

Clinico-pathologic disparities of breast cancer in Hispanic/Latina women.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Hispanic/Latina women nationwide. Limited cancer research has been conducted in this population. El Paso, Texas is a large border city with a population of around 900,000, of which 85% are Latinos and would provide a suitable setting for this study. The aim of this study is to evaluate ethnic differences and cancer characteristics in Hispanic/latina women with breast cancer. METHODS: After IRB approval, we retrospectively analyzed the variables of patients with breast cancer treated consecutively at a large tertiary medical center in El Paso, TX between 2005-2015. Descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariable analyses were conducted. RESULTS: 1,252 patients were identified. Mean age at diagnosis was 57 years. 1074 were Hispanics/Latinas (86%). When comparing Hispanics versus non-Hispanics, 31% of Hispanics compared to 24% Non-Hispanics were diagnosed at age <50 (P = 0.043). More Hispanics are uninsured (34%) compared to Non-Hispanics (25%) (p = 0.008). Hispanics presenting with advanced stages were more likely to be uninsured (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis confirms that Hispanics/Latinas are diagnosed with breast cancer at a younger age and are more commonly uninsured than Non-Hispanics. We did not observe significant differences in the prevalence of ER+, triple negative or Her2 -neu positive disease or stages at presentation between the 2 groups in this cohort, however the non-Hispanic group was constituted only 14% of the studied population. A larger multi-institutional comparative study is being conducted to confirm these findings.

Phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farm and processing units located in and around Mumbai city, India.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The extensive use of antimicrobials in poultry has led to an increase in bacterial multidrug resistance, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is a global problem. This study was performed to detect antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars in poultry farming and processing environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 956 various samples, comprising 432 farm origin, 324 poultry processing stage wise and environmental, and 154 product processing stages and environmental samples, were collected from poultry farms and processing units located in and around Mumbai city. Of a total of 71 recovered isolates, 42 randomly selected Salmonella isolates were subjected for antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method and serotyping. A total of 31 serotypically confirmed isolates were characterized for the presence of tetA, tetB, bla TEM, and CTX-M gene. RESULTS: Higher resistance was recorded against Doxycycline (100%), followed by Oxytetracycline (97.62%), Neomycin (88.10%), Erythromycin (83.33%), Tetracycline (78.57%), and Ceftizoxime (35.71%). Resistance from 0.00 to 26.19 percent was found to antimicrobials, namely Norfloxacin (26.19%), Ampicillin (21.43%), Azithromycin (21.43%), Ciprofloxacin (19.05%), Colistin (4.76%), Streptomycin (16.67%), Cefotaxime (14.19%), Enrofloxacin (14.29%), Amoxyclav (14.29%), Gentamicin (7.14%), Chloramphenicol (4.76%), Amikacin (4.76%), and Ceftazidime (0.0%). Results demonstrate that the Salmonella Virchow dominated and all serotypes were found to carry Tetracycline resistance gene tetA, 5 isolates were found to be positive for blaTEM , whereas none of the isolates were carrying tetB and CTX-M gene. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that there is a significant rise of Tetracycline resistance with the presence of tetA gene in Salmonella spp. which indicates selective pressure for adopting resistance against tetracycline group of antibiotics.