The Structure of American Political Discontent.

We explore the role of "political discontent" as a second dimension of American public opinion. Others have shown that a second dimension tends to capture social and/or racial attitudes. What happens when indicators of discontent are included in such analyses? Using data from two surveys and the ordered optimal classification (OOC) procedure, we scale seven items from the "discontent" literature alongside a larger set of questions that has been shown to capture the two-dimensional structure of mass opinion. Discontent items dominate the second dimension in both data sets. Further, five of the seven items predict voting for "insurgents" in the 2016 presidential primaries. Second-dimension attitudes matter in elections and concern the political system writ large. By extension, the liberal-conservative heuristic gives an incomplete picture of mass political behavior.

Hippocampal cell proliferation and spatial memory performance after social instability stress in adolescence in female rats.

We investigated the immediate and lasting effect of social instability stress in adolescence [SS: daily 1h isolation and change of cage partner postnatal days (P) 30-45] on cell proliferation in the hippocampus and on spatial memory using an object spatial location (SL) test. Female rats were treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) P43-45, and on P49, SS had reduced cell hippocampal cell proliferation/survival compared to controls as indicated by BrdU immunoreactive cell counts (p=0.009), and did not differ in Ki67 immunoreactive cell counts (p=0.15) from CTL. A separate group of SS and CTL rats were tested at P47 and P48, and again at P72 and P73 on the SL test using 1 and 8h retention intervals. SS and CTL females did not differ in adolescence, but CTL had better memory than SS as adults (p=0.03). The better memory performance of CTL rats is not due to differential investigation of objects during the familiarization pre-tests or by differential locomotor activity. The lasting memory reduction and reduced cell proliferation/survival in SS rats is consistent with the hypothesis that ongoing development of the hippocampus renders the adolescent particularly vulnerable to chronic social stress.