The Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiota to the Celiac Disease Pathogenesis along with the Effectiveness of Probiotic Therapy.

The development of many human disorders, including celiac disease (CD), is thought to be influenced by the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and its metabolites, according to current research. This study's goal was to provide a concise summary of the information on the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to the CD pathogenesis, which was actively addressed while examining the reported pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). We assumed that a change in gluten tolerance is formed under the influence of a number of different factors, including genetic predisposition and environmental factors. In related investigations, researchers have paid increasing attention to the study of disturbances in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its functional activity in CD. A key finding of our review is that the intestinal microbiota has gluten-degrading properties, which, in turn, may have a protective effect on the development of CD. The intestinal microbiota contributes to maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, preventing the formation of a "leaky" intestine. On the contrary, a change in the composition of the microbiota can act as a significant link in the pathogenesis of gluten intolerance and exacerbate the course of the disease. The possibility of modulating the composition of the microbiota by prescribing probiotic preparations is being considered. The effectiveness of the use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria in experimental and clinical studies as a preventive and therapeutic agent has been documented.

Associations between Physical Activity and Kyphosis and Lumbar Lordosis Abnormalities, Pain, and Quality of Life in Healthy Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Significant evidence suggests that regular physical activity (PA) leads to numerous physical and psychological outcomes in the elderly. This cross-sectional study was designed to further explore this issue by investigating the associations between PA (measured by accelerometer) and kyphosis and lumbar lordosis abnormalities, pain, and quality of life (QoL) in the elderly. In this cross-sectional study, 163 older adults (73 women) over 65 years of age (mean age: 68.70 ± 3.09) from Russia acted as participants. The following instruments were used to measure research variables: ActiGraph wGT3X-BT for measuring PA, spinal-mouse for measuring kyphosis and lumbar lordosis abnormalities, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire for measuring QoL. Pain was measured using two questions. The Independent t-test and a regression analysis were used to analyze data. The results showed that our sample participated on average in 15.8 min of moderate PA (MPA) per day, which is lower than the recommended guidelines. Men were significantly more physically active than women. In addition, MPA was significantly associated with lower kyphosis and lumbar lordosis abnormalities and pain in older adults. Finally, MPA was significantly associated with higher QoL. These findings indicate that PA is a critical concern for the elderly. Accordingly, physical educators and fitness instructors should adopt appropriate strategies to promote an active lifestyle among older adults.

A Metabolic Activity Recovery of the Intestinal Microbiota in the Patients with Bronchial Asthma.

Background: It was established that the high biological diversity of intestinal microorganisms promotes the needed SCFAs production, which induces immune regulatory pathways and contributes to the anti-inflammatory response. Study. A group of 30 patients with allergic bronchial asthma (BA) were investigated in our study. All of the patients were tested for the presence of SIBO by the SCFA spectrum determination. For the SIBO treatment, 10 patients from the studied group were prescribed Rifaximinum with the 200 mg dose at 3 times a day for a week; the other 10 patients were prescribed Rifaximinum at the same dose, followed by the administration of the Lactobalance probiotic in capsules at 3 times a day for a month. A month probiotic course was assigned to the remaining 10 patients without SIBO, as part of the BA complex therapy. The SCFA studies were immediately carried out for all of the patients after the 1 month probiotic therapy course. Results: A normalization of the SCFA spectrum and anaerobic index for all of the studied patients were noted. Upon taking the probiotics, it was revealed in the patients without SIBO that the total content of fatty acids (p < 0.001), acetic and butyric acid (p < 0.001) had increased. The Rifaximinum course, followed by administration of the probiotics led to a decrease of the relative amount of isoacids and ratio of isoacids/acids in the studied patients as compared to the patients who had received Rifaximinum for the SIBO treatment only (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrate a potential opportunity of the drug influence on the active bacterial metabolites composition and amount in the intestinal biotope; as it was confirmed by the restoration of the intestinal microbiocenosis and microorganism habitat.

The study of the relevance of macro- and microelements in the hair of young wrestlers depending on the style of wrestling.

While participating in an intensive training process, the athlete's body requires not only energy, but also specific macro- and microelements. The purpose of this study was to show the meaning of monitoring the level of mineral trace elements in athletes-wrestlers during physical activity. As an experimental group, 66 male wrestlers aged 18-20 years with at least 3 years of intensive wrestling experience were examined. The control group consisted of 92 young cadets of military school aged 18-20 years, who had previous sports training, but were not engaged in wrestling. To determine the quantitative content of trace elements, the hair was cut from the back of the head for the entire length in an amount of at least 0.1 g. an examined using the mass spectrometer ICP-MS Agilent 7900. Strong positive correlations were found for sodium with potassium and rubidium, magnesium with calcium, potassium with rubidium, and rubidium with caesium among wrestlers. Wrestlers were found to have higher levels of a number of macro- and microelements, including toxic ones.

Early viral versus late antibiotic-associated diarrhea in novel coronavirus infection.

ABSTRACT: Diarrhea is one of the manifestations of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but it also develops as a complication of massive antibiotic therapy in this disease. This study aimed to compare these types of diarrhea.We included patients with COVID-19 in a cohort study and excluded patients with chronic diarrhea, laxative use, and those who died during the first day of hospitalization.There were 89 (9.3%), 161 (16.7%), and 731 (75.7%) patients with early viral, late antibiotic-associated, and without diarrhea, respectively. Late diarrhea lasted longer (6 [4-10] vs 5 [3-7] days, P < .001) and was more severe. Clostridioides difficile was found in 70.5% of tested patients with late diarrhea and in none with early diarrhea. Presence of late diarrhea was associated with an increased risk of death after 20 days of disease (P = .009; hazard ratio = 4.7). Patients with late diarrhea had a longer hospital stay and total disease duration, and a higher proportion of these patients required intensive care unit admission. Oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23), oral clarithromycin (OR = 3.79), and glucocorticoids (OR = 4.41) use was a risk factor for the development of late diarrhea, while ceftriaxone use (OR = 0.35) had a protective effect. Before the development of late diarrhea, decrease in C-reactive protein levels and increase in lymphocyte count stopped but the white blood cell and neutrophil count increased. An increase in neutrophils by >0.6 × 109 cells/L predicted the development of late diarrhea in the coming days (sensitivity 82.0%, specificity 70.8%, area under the curve = 0.791 [0.710-0.872]).Diarrhea in COVID-19 is heterogeneous, and different types of diarrhea require different management.

Interleukin 17 antagonist netakimab is effective and safe in the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19).

Cytokine release syndrome is a serious complication of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The aim of the study was to assess effectiveness and safety of the IL-17 antagonist nekatimab for its treatment. The retrospective study included COVID-19 patients with C-reactive protein levels >60 mg/L. Patients received either netakimab (group NET), IL-6 antagonist tocilizumab (group TOC) or no anti-cytokine treatment (group CON). Forty-four patients were enrolled in the NET group, 27 patients in the TOC group, and 47 patients in the CON group. Mortality was lower in the NET group than in TOC and CON groups (2.3% vs. 14.8% and 31.9%; p = 0.018 and p < 0.001). NET group patients required intensive care unit admission (6.8% vs. 25.9% and 46.3%; p = 0.025 and p < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation (4.6% vs. 22.2% and 31.9%; p = 0.022 and p = 0.002) less frequently than patients of the TOC and CON groups. After 7-10 days of anti-cytokine drug administration, a reduction in lung lesion volume (p = 0.016) and an increase in the proportion of patients who did not need oxygen support (p = 0.005) or stayed in prone position (p = 0.044) was observed in the NET group only group; C-reactive protein levels were the same in the TOC and NET groups (p = 0.136) and lower in the CON group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005). IL-6 levels decreased in the NET group (p = 0.005) and did not change in the TOC group (p = 0.953). There was no difference in the incidence of side effects between groups. The IL-17 antagonist netakimab is effective and safe in the treatment of cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19.

Tofacitinib reduces mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 Tofacitinib in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cytokine release syndrome is a dangerous complication of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in the management of this complication. METHODS: The retrospective study included COVID-19 patients with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of 60-150 mg/L. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients who received tofacitinib (TOF group) and 30 patients who did not receive any anti-cytokine drugs (control [CON] group) were enrolled. Mortality and the incidence of admission to the intensive care unit were lower in the TOF group than in the CON group (16.6% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.009; and 15.6% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.004). There was a significant decrease in the volume of the affected part of the lungs (p = 0.022) and a significant increase in oxygen saturation (p = 0.012) in the TOF group than in the CON group 7-10 days after the beginning tofacitinib administration. CRP level was lower in the TOF group than in the CON group (7 [3-22] vs. 20 [5-52] mg/L; p = 0.048) 7-10 days after the start of the administration of tofacitinib. During this period, the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation or those in the prone position increased in the CON group compared to those in the TOF group (26.7% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.002; 33.3% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.020). There was no significant difference in the development of secondary infections, liver or kidney injury, and cytopenia between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Tofacitinib was effective and safe for managing the cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19. Randomized controlled double-blind trials with tofacitinib with and without the simultaneous use of glucocorticoids are required to confirm our findings.

Metabolic activity of intestinal microflora in patients with bronchial asthma.

The gut microbiota plays the important role to support the immunological tolerance. To study a metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora the 44 patients suffering from bronchial asthma and 17 healthy volunteers were tested. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) spectrum was determined using the method of gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. We have detected a significant decrease the total content of the fatty acids in the feces (P<0.001), the absolute concentrations of the individual acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate; P<0.001) and the total content of isoacids (P<0.001) for all of the patients with bronchial asthma in the study, regardless of the phenotype. The anaerobic type of the SCFA spectrum was detected for the majority (83%) of the patients tested. The aerobic type of the SCFA metabolic profile was detected for another part (17%) of the patients tested. Being detected the parameters change could play the principal role as for the bronchial asthma course as to support the organism sensibilisation.