[Confounding effect of prematurity in the neonatal death associated with obstetric maternal morbidity]. / Efecto confusor de la prematuridad en la muerte neonatal asociada con morbilidad obstétrica materna.

BACKGROUND: Prematurity is considered the main factor of neonatal mortality in developed countries (60 to 80% of cases). OBJECTIVE: To determine if obstetric morbidity and/or prematurity are associated with neonatal death. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 25,365 live newborns since January 1st 2000 to December 31st 2004 was studied. Neonatal mortality was compared according to the number of prenatal visits, single or multifetal pregnancy, the presence or not of preeclampsia/eclampsia, cesarean section or vaginal delivery, and duration of rupture of membranes, stratifying by weeks of gestational age or by preterm and term gestation, as it was convenient. Chi-square test and Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated (CI). RESULTS: There was not significant statistical difference in neonatal mortality at less number of prenatal visits, between single and twin pregnancies, in the presence of preeclampsia/eclampsia and pregnancies without complications, when they were stratified by group of gestational age. When it was controlled gestational age, malformations and maternal-fetal and obstetrical morbidity, there was not difference in mortality of neonates born vaginally or by cesarean section. It was observed an increased risk or neonatal mortality in preterm neonates with 48 hours or more of rupture of membranes (OR 3.05 CI 95% 1.64-5.66) CONCLUSIONS: Performing and stratified analysis, prematurity was the factor associated with neonatal mortality, and not the number of prenatal visits, multifetal pregnancy, preeclampsia/eclampsia, or cesarean section. The duration of rupture of membranes is an independent factor of prematurity for neonatal mortality.

[Impact of maternal antecedents on neonatal mortality in a regional perinatal hospital]. / Repercusión de los antecedentes maternos en la mortalidad neonatal de un hospital perinatal.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of maternal risk factors and evaluate their impact on neonatal mortality in a regional perinatal center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 25,365 live newborns was studied between January 1st 2000 and December 31st 2004. Maternal antecedents were registered in a data base: sociodemographic; medical history; obstetric antecedents of previous pregnancies; as well as evolution of current pregnancy and birth. Newborn birth weight, gestational age and condition at discharge were registered too. Neonates who died were considered cases and controls those discharged alive. Mortality was compared to the presence or absence of risk factors in maternal medical history. Prevalence, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, and attributable fraction in the exposed and the population were calculated with the SPSS 8.0 and Epi Info 6.4 programs. RESULTS: The most notable maternal factors associated with newborn mortality were maternal age > or = 30 years OR 1.5 (1.37-2.0), less than 7 prenatal exams OR 2.17 (1.52-3.09) (53.5% attributable fraction in the exposed and 23.3% in population), eclampsia OR 4.66 (2.82-7.64), type-II diabetes OR 5.41 (2.11-12.99), urinary tract infection OR 1.98 (1.40-2.78), positive serology to human immunodeficiency virus OR 41.75 (5.77-230.9), membrane rupture > or = 48 hours OR 22.99 (13.10-40.2), polyhydramnios OR 31.53 (19.12-51.6) and abruptio placentae OR 42.18 (21.06-83.1). CONCLUSIONS: Transpartum risk factors had a larger impact on mortality than pregnancy or pregestational factors.

[Maternal history impact in neonatal mortality]. / Influencia de los antecedentes maternos en la mortalidad neonatal.

BACKGROUND: Perinatal clinical picture allows identifying psychosocial features in pregnant women, them medical, obstetrical, and pregnancy history, present delivery, and neonatal mortality risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To know prevalence of maternal risk factors and evaluates them impact on neonatal mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 25,365 live newborns was studied between January 1st 2000 and December 31st 2004. Maternal sociodemographic and obstetrical history was registered in a database; as well as weight, gestational age, and neonate discharge condition. Dead neonates were considered cases and controls those discharged alive. Mortality was compared with maternal history. Prevalence, odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval, and exposed and population attributable fraction were calculated with the SPSS 8.0 and Epi Info 6.4 applications. RESULTS: Maternal factors associated with newborn mortality were: maternal age > or = 30 years OR 1.5 (1.37-2.0), less than seven prenatal consultations OR 2.17 (1.52-3.09), 53.5% of attributable fraction in exposed and 23.3% in population, eclampsia OR 4.66 (2.82-7.64), type 2 diabetes OR 5.41 (2.11-12.99), urinary tract infection OR 1.98 (1.40-2.78), positive serology to HIV OR 41.75 (5.77-230.9), membrane rupture > or = 48 hours OR 22.99 (13.10-40.2), polyhydramnios OR 31.53 (19.12-51.6) and premature separation of the placenta OR 42.18 (21.06-83.1). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors history during delivery has a larger impact on mortality than pregnancy or pregestational factors.

[Neonatal mortality in a regional perinatal hospital in Merida, Yucatan, 1995-2004. II. Analysis of causes and risk factors]. / Mortalidad neonatal en un hospital perinatal regional de Mérida, Yucatán, de 1995 al 2004. II. Anlisis de causas y factores de riesgo.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the causes of neonatal mortality, its distribution, the moment of appearance and risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We studied a cohort of 46,297 live newborns born at the mentioned hospital, weighing 500 g or more. In a database we registered: birth weight, gestational age, days of hospital stay, discharged condition, one and five Apgar minute score, morbidity, death causes, moment of death, reducible death/reducible difficult death rate presented in less than 24 hours, 1 to 6 days, and 7 to 27 postnatal days. We compared morbidity, mortality, and risk factors in a three-year period to facilitate the analysis. RESULTS: Mortality increased with the lesser one minute Apgar score: 0.2, 9.7 and 42.9% when score was 7-10, 4-6, or 0-3, respectively, and 0.6, 41.9 and 62.9% at five minute Apgar score. Malformations were the first cause of death, which increased from 28.6 to 40.3%. Respiratory distress syndrome mortality decreased 34% and that of meconium aspiration syndrome 53%. Reducible death/hardly reducible death rate occurred from 1 to 6 days decreased 67%, from 5.2 to 1.7 (reference value 1). CONCLUSIONS: Preventable causes of death decreased significantly, particularly those related to perinatal causes, although they are still high compared with developed countries.

[Neonatal mortality in a regional perinatal hospital in Merida, Yucatan, 1995-2004 I. Analysis of the gross, specific rates]. / Mortalidad neonatal en un hospital perinatal regional de Mérida, Yucatán, de 1995 al 2004 I. Análisis de las tasas crudas y específicas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the neonatal mortality and the specific neonatal mortality rates by groups of birthweight and gestacional age, at the Ignacio García Téllez National Medical Center which is a reference tertiary perinatal center of the Social Security Mexican Institute for the Yucatan Peninsula, along the period of 1995-2004. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 46,297 live newborns was studied with birtweight of 500 grams or more, that were discharged between January 1st 1995 and December 31st 2004. Birthweight, gestational age, length of hospitalization, condition at discharge were captured in a data base. Triennial analysis of mortality was done. RESULTS: The proportion of neonates with birthweight <2,500 g increased and 19% neonates <1,000 g 50%, the increment was 21% for preterm neonates, 46% for immature, and 40% for those extremely immature. The early neonatal mortality rate diminished from 7.0 to 6.9, the late mortality from 3.0 to 2.2, the neonatal from 10.0 to 9.2/1,000 live newborn, the survival increased 232% in neonates with birthweight between 500-749 g, 25% between 750-999 g, 5.8% between 1,000-1,249 g, 8.2% between 1,250-1,499 g. The neonatal mortality decreased 31.8% from the expected, because the adjusted neonatal mortality rate was 13.5 compared with the observed 9.2/1,000 live newborn. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant increase of the survival with lesser birthweight and gestational age, although it was not reflected in the brut neonatal mortality rate because there was an increase of the risk population.

Discriminant function of perinatal risk that predicts early neonatal morbidity: its validity and reliability.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify significant perinatal risk factors associated with neonatal morbidity to construct a scoring system to aid in distinguishing between healthy and ill neonates. Validity and reliability of the scoring system were determined. METHODS: We conducted a screening test and used logistic regression to analyze data from a cohort of 387 neonates and to determine the relationship between risk factors and morbidity. Twenty nine factors of perinatal risk were studied. Logistic regression and discriminant analysis were performed to assess risk for morbidity. This system was developed and validated prospectively on 238 new neonates. RESULTS: Risk factors that demonstrated association with morbidity by logistic regression were chronic maternal illness, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), amniotic fluid, low Apgar score at 5 min, obstetric trauma, hypertension, neonatal resuscitation, breathing pattern at 6 h after delivery, birth weight, and gestational age. Discriminant function obtained from discriminant analysis had sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 93%, while positive and negative predictive values were 88 and 86%, respectively. Area below receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.86 (standard error [SE]: 0.02). In the validity study, these values were maintained without significant differences. Kappa statistic between two physicians was calculated at 0.84 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence indicated that discriminant function is a useful tool to assess initial neonatal risk, allowing pediatricians to predict morbidity prior to discharge of neonates.

Encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica con lesiones ganglio-talámicas selectivas: presentación de un caso / The hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in neonate: a case report

El propósito de este informe es hacer notar la naturaleza selectiva de las lesiones encontradas en un neonato con encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica. Se hace mención de la utilidad del ultrasonido transfontanelar para identificarlas y, cómo se correlacionan los hallazgos con lo referido en la literatura médica. Caso clínico. Se presenta un recién nacido a término, que cursó con encefalopatía poshipóxica causada por la ruptura uterina. El paciente cursó con grave afectación neurológica y datos incompletos de muerte cerebral. Las imágenes del ultrasonido y la tomografía computarizada mostraron zonas hemorrágicas cuya extensión comprendió casi completamente los tálamos y los ganglios basales. Discusión. Los hallazgos ultrasonográficos y tomográficos encontrados en este caso suelen estar relacionados con una elevada letalidad y secuelas graves. Por lo tanto, son indicadores de valor pronóstico. Las lesiones encontradas son semejantes a las provocadas experimentalmente en primates mediante asfixia total.

Mortalidad perinatal en un hospital regional de tercer nivel / Perinatal mortality in a perinatal third leve regional center

Con el objetivo de determinar la tasa de mortalidad perinatal y las causas de muerte en el Departamento de Neonatología del Hospital de Gineco-Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional "El Fénix"., IMSS, en Mérida, durante 1993, se estudiaron a todos los pacientes que nacieron y fallecieron en la Unidad. La mortalidad perinatal se dividió en intrauteria, neonatal temprana y tardía. Se analizaron estos tres componentes de acuerdo a la edad gestacional, peso al nacimiento y trofismo. Se presentaron 4526 nacimientos, incluidos 41 mortinatos, con una tasa global de 27.1 muertos por 1000 nacimientos. Se encontró que la mortalidad neonatal fue más frecuente en pacientes menores a los 1.500 g y en los menores de 30 semanas de gestación. De acuerdo a la edad gestacional no hubo diferencias significativas entre la mortalidad temprana y tardía, en relación al peso la mortalidad neonatal temprana es más frecuente en pacientes menores de 1,500 g e hipotróficos. Las principales causas de muerte fueron los problemas respiratorios, y la asfixia perinatal. Es necesario mejorar el control prenatal, establecer la atención perinatal por niveles y regionalizarla para poder impactar en las tasa se mortalidad

Utilidad de la aspiración e intubación traqueal en la prevención del síndrome de aspiración meconial / Utility of tracheal aspiration and endotracheal intubation in the prevention of meconium aspiration syndrome

Objetivo. Determinar la utilidad de la intubación endotraqueal y aspiración directa a tráquea para disminuir la incidencia de síndrome de aspiración meconial en recién nacidos sanos y vigorosos nacidos con líquido amniótico meconial y conocer las complicaciones del procedimiento. Diseño. Estudio de cohortes concurrentes sin asignación aleatoria. Unidades de estudio. Ciento cincuenta y uno recién nacidos con peso igual o mayor de 2,500 g, nacidos con líquido amniótico meconial de cualquier densidad, con Apgar igual o mayor de 7 al minuto de vida y clínicamente sanos. Mediciones y resultados. Se dividieron a los pacientes en dos grupos. A todos los pacientes se les realizó aspiración nasofaríngea al momento de nacer la cabeza y antes del nacimiento completo. Al grupo 1 (n=88) no se realizó ningún procedimiento y al grupo 2 (n=63) se realizó laringoscopia para la visualización y aspiración directa a tráquea posterior al nacimiento. No se presentó ningún caso de SAM. ningún paciente del grupo 1 presentó complicaciones y dos pacientes del grupo dos presentaron complicaciones pulmonares. Conclusiones. Las maniobras de laringoscopia y aspiración traqueal no están indicadas como procedimiento de rutina en pacientes sanos y vigorosos con líquido amniótico meconial, ya que existe mayor riesgo de complicación