Effect of the energy level of the diet of Holstein cows in early and mid-lactation on the sanitary and hygienic quality of milk / Efecto del nivel energético de la dieta de vacas Holstein en lactancia temprana y media sobre la calidad higiénica y sanitaria de la leche

ABSTRACT During the first weeks of lactation, the energy balance of dairy cows is generally negative, allowing for decompensation in a variety of tissues and systems, especially the immune system. The energy levels of a cow's diet during the first third of lactation, in specialized dairying, will modulate the immune system functionality of the mammary glands. The aim of this study was to assess the sanitary quality of milk through the somatic cell score (SCS), the colony-forming units (CFU), and the isolated bacteria of Holstein cows with different energy levels in the diet. Thus, 24 Holstein cows were studied during their first third of lactation, after the lactation peak (50 to 100 lactation days). They were assigned into 4 treatments, taking into account the energy requirements of each animal: Isoenergetic (ISO), Hypoenergetic (HYPO), Hyper energetic (HYPER), and Isoenergetic plus sunflower oil supplementation (OIL). Milk samples were taken for the somatic cell count (SCC) and CFUs, and isolated pathogens in milk were identified by microbiological culture. The diet had a significant effect on SCS with a value p of 0.0331, but not on the CFUs (p< 0.5141). 11 pathogens were identified and in 33.9% of samples, microorganisms were not isolated. The Isoenergetic diet favors the presence of some microorganisms and the increase of SCS.

RESUMEN En las primeras semanas de lactancia, generalmente, el balance energético de la vaca lechera es negativo, determinando una descompensación en diferentes tejidos y sistemas, en especial, el inmunológico. Los niveles de energía en la dieta de vacas, en primer tercio de lactancia en lechería especializada, modularán la funcionalidad del sistema inmune en glándula mamaria. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la calidad sanitaria de la leche, a través de la medición de células somáticas (SCS), las unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) y las bacterias aisladas de vacas Holstein, con diferentes niveles de energía en la dieta. Se usaron 24 vacas Holstein en el primer tercio de gestación, posterior al pico de lactancia (entre 50 y 100 días de lactancia), dispuestas en 4 tratamientos, de acuerdo con el cubrimiento de los requerimientos energéticos del animal: isoenergético (ISO), hipoenergético (HIPO), hiperenergetico (HIPER) e isoenergético más suplementación con aceite de girasol (ACEITE). Se tomaron muestras de leche para el recuento de células somáticas (RCS) y UFC y se identificaron patógenos en leche, por cultivos microbiológicos. La dieta tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el SCS, con un valor p de 0.0331 y no sobre las UFC (p<0.5141). Se identificaron 11 patógenos y en 33,96% de las muestras no se aislaron microorganismos. La dieta isoenergética favorece la presencia de algunos microorganismos y el aumento del SCS.

Comparison of three methodologies for the genetic study of lactation persistency in Holstein cattle from Antioquia.

Persistency is the rate of decrease after milk production peak, mathematical models such as Wood's can be used to estimate it for describing the lactation curve and its rate of descent; random regression models are also useful, as they describe the genetic lactation curve for each animal. The objective of this study was to compare Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP), marker-assisted BLUP (MBLUP) model and random regression model (RRM) to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values for the lactation persistency curve. 4,658 test day measurements were available for 733 individuals, from which lactation curves were described to calculate persistency, estimating genetic parameters and values for this trait through BLUP and MBLUP. A similar process was done for RRM, where persistency was estimated from the genetic lactation curve. The heritability obtained using RRM was 0.51, greater than that obtained by BLUP (0.29) and MBLUP (0.21). The reliability of the genetic value for persistency in bulls was greater when RRM was used, but there was no correlation between the genetic values of different models. The highest heritability for persistency and the more reliable genetic values for bulls were achieved under the RRM, it allows positioning this methodology as an important tool for genetic evaluation of persistency.

The energy level of the diet in Holstein cows in the first third of lactation alters the expression of immune genes in the mammary gland.

Our goal was to define the effect of the energy intake in Holstein cows' diet in the first third lactation on gene expression profile of immune system in mammary gland through RNA-seq. Twelve Holstein cows were used in the first third of lactation, arranged in four treatments or diets: (a) hypocaloric (HYPO, 85% of the net energy of lactation (NEl) requirements), (b) isocaloric (ISO, 100% of the NEl requirements, control diet), (c) hypercaloric (HYPER, 115% of the NEl requirements) and (d) isocaloric plus sunflower oil supplementation (OIL, 106% of the NEl requirements). A biopsy of mammary gland tissue was carried out after 25 days per diet, from which the RNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeqTM 2,500 sequencer. The analysis of reads obtained from the sequencing in the QIAGEN® CLC Genomics Workbench 10.0 bioinformatics software was performed. From 27,368 genes annotated in the reference genome, 17,429 genes expressed in the evaluated treatments were identified. Moreover, 1,743 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found, of which 15 DEGs were found in the ISO vs. OIL comparison, 1,196 DEGs in the ISO vs. HYPO comparison and 532 DEGs in the ISO vs. HYPER comparison. Thus, of the 1,743 DEGs, 401 correspond to genes involved in the functioning of the immune system, encompassing 23% of the total number of DEGs involved in the analysis, and 13.6% of the total number of genes involved in the functioning of the immune system. The energy intake in Holstein cows' diet has impact in the expression of immune genes CXCL13, TRDC among others, present in the regulation of immune system processes. This immune system altered might increase the somatic cells score and therefore reach some diseases. It is recommended to measure the energy intake according to the animals' energy requirements and to cover them the closest to the 100%.

Effect of resveratrol on vitrified in vitro produced bovine embryos: Recovering the initial quality.

Although vitrification is the current routine method for human embryo cryopreservation, it may cause detrimental effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing in vitro culture (IVC) media and/or vitrification solutions (VS) with Resveratrol on the presence of apoptotic markers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, glutathione (GSH) content and relative gene abundance. Abattoir-derived oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro according to a standard procedure. Zygotes were cultured in IVC medium supplemented with or without 0.5 µM Resveratrol (CR, C- respectively). On day 7, blastocysts were vitrified using the minimum volume vitrification method supplementing VS with (C-VR, CRVR) or without (C-V-, CRV-) 0.5 µM Resveratrol. After warming, embryonic quality parameters were evaluated. Survival rates were significantly lower in CRVR group compared with CRV- group, but no differences in hatching rate were observed between groups. Vitrification/warming process did not alter total cell number or the presence of apoptotic or dead cells, but CRV- and CRVR groups presented a significant increase in dead cells (P < 0.05 by ANOVA). Resveratrol supplementation in VS (C-VR) restored GSH content (P < 0.05) to the level found in the CR group. Vitrification/warming process significantly increased the expression of FOXO3A, PNPLA2, BCL2L1 and BAX genes (P < 0.05). Resveratrol addition to IVC medium or VS partially compensated this increase for FOXO3A and PNPLA2 (P < 0.05) but not for BCL2L1 and BAX. In conclusion, supplementation of IVC media or VS with 0.5 µM resveratrol may help embryos to partially restore the initial quality they had before the cryopreservation process.

Presence of bovine leukemia virus genotypes 1 and 3 in antioquia, colombia / Presencia de los genotipos 1 y 3 del virus de la leucosis bovina en antioquia, colombia

SUMMARY Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an immunosuppressant retrovirus that primarily affects dairy livestock, its target cells are B lymphocytes in which it integrates its genome infecting cattle for life. It is important to identify the distribution of the BLV in the region and to reconstruct its evolutionary history through phylogenetic trees, for the province of Antioquia this is the first report of the BLV genotypes. The aim of this study was to identify the genotype of BLV circulating in dairy cattle of different regions of the province of Antioquia, Colombia. DNA was extracted from 8 Holstein cows. Nested PCR was performed to amplify a fragment of 444 pb of the env gene. The env viral gene codes for surface protein gp51, gene is highly conserved and it is used for phylogenetic analysis. Obtained amplicons were sequenced, manually aligned in MEGA V7 program, and compared to 53 viral env gene sequences registered in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods. Two circulating genotypes were found: the most common genotype was 1, found in seven samples; they grouped with sequences from EE. UU, Argentina and Japan; only one sample was classified as genotype 3 and was grouped with samples from EE. UU and Japan. At least two genotypes (1 and 3) of BLV are circulating in Antioquia; however, more cattle and herds should be evaluated to elucidate the diversity and distribution of BLV in Colombia.

RESUMEN El virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) es un retrovirus inmuno-supresor que afecta, principalmente, al ganado lechero; sus células diana son los linfocitos B, en los cuales, integra su genoma, infectando al ganado de por vida. Es importante identificar la distribución del BLV en la región y reconstruir su historia evolutiva, a través de árboles filogenéticos; para el departamento de Antioquia, este es el primer reporte de los genotipos del BLV. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el genotipo de BLV que circula en ganado lechero de diferentes regiones del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Se extrajo ADN de 8 vacas Holstein. Se realizó una PCR anidada, para amplificar un fragmento del gen env de 444 pb. El gen env viral codifica la proteína de superficie gp51, altamente conservado y es usado en análisis filogenéticos. Los amplicones obtenidos se secuenciaron, se alinearon manualmente en el programa MEGA V7 y se compararon con 53 secuencias del gen env viral, registradas en GenBank. El análisis filogenético, se realizó por métodos de Máxima Verosimilitud y Bayesianos. Se encontraron dos genotipos circulantes: el genotipo más común fue 1, hallado en siete muestras, agrupadas con secuencias de EE. UU, Argentina y Japón; solo una muestra se clasificó como genotipo 3 y se agrupó con muestras de EE. UU y Japón. Al menos dos genotipos (1 y 3) de BLV están circulando en Antioquia; sin embargo, se deben evaluar más bovinos y hatos para elucidar la diversidad y la distribución de BLV en Colombia.

Microorganismos aislados en cultivo bacteriológico de muestras de leche de vacas holstein clínicamente sanas / Microorganisms isolated in bacteriological culture from milk samples from clinically healthy holstein cows / Microrganismos isolados em cultivo bacteriológico de amostras do leite de vacas holandesas clinicamente saudáveis

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de aislamiento de microorganismos de tipo infeccioso y ambiental en leche de un grupo vacas clínicamente sanas en dos diferentes tipos de ordeño. Para ello se utilizaron muestras de leche de 289 vacas ubicadas en hatos de cuatro municipios del Norte del departamento de Antioquia en diferentes sistemas de ordeño (manual y mecánico), a cada muestra de leche se le hizo cultivo bacteriológico para determinar la presencia de microorganismos. De 289 muestras de leche evaluadas, 193 (66,78%) fueron positivas para aislamiento de cualquier tipo de patógeno (ocho diferentes patógenosaislados), de las cuales 81 (28,02%) muestras provenían de ordeño manual y 112 (38,75%) pertenecían a ordeño mecánico, encontrando un mayor porcentaje de aislamiento de patógenos bacterianos en muestras de leche provenientes de sistema de ordeño mecánico (p=0,0236). El patógeno de mayor aislamiento fue el Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (antes clasificado como Corinebacterium sp), microorganismo que hace parte de la flora saprófita del animal, con presencia de manera individual en el 20,14% de las muestras analizadas y en confección con otros patógenos en 0,7% de las muestras. El microorganismo que siempre se reporta como mayor productor de mastitis subclínica en bovinos es el Streptococcus agalactiae, un patógeno infeccioso, que en el presente estudio se aisló del 12,50% de las muestras de leche. Se determinó el Odds ratio (OR), entre aislamiento de Streptococcus agalactiae y Score de Células somáticas (SCS) que fue estadísticamente significativo, indicando que cuando está presente este patógeno el SCS aumenta y los animales son más susceptibles a padecer mastitis.

Abstract A microbiological analysis was performed to determine the frequency of isolation of microorganisms of infectious and environmental type in milk from a group of clinically healthy cows in two different types of milking (manual and mechanical). To each sample of milk was made bacteriological culture to determine the presence of microorganisms. Of 289 milk samples evaluated, 193 (66.78%) were positive for isolation of any type of pathogen, of which 81 (28.02%) samples came from manual milking and 112 (38.75%) belonged to mechanical milking, finding a higher percentage of isolation of bacterial pathogens in milks coming from mechanical milking system (p = 0.0236). The most isolated pathogen was the Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, A microorganism that forms part of the saprophytic flora of the animal, with an individual presence in 20.14% and in coinfection with other pathogens in 0.7% of the samples. The most common microorganism of subclinical mastitis in cattle is Streptococcus agalactiae, which in the present study was isolated from 12.50% of milk samples. The odds ratio (OR) between the isolation of Streptococcus agalactiae and the Somatic Cell Score (SCS) was determined, which was statistically significant, indicating that when this pathogen is present the SCS increases and the animals are more susceptible to mastitis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de isoLamento de microorganismos de tipo infecciosos e ambientaL no Leite de um grupo de vacas cLinicamente saudáveL em dois diferentes tipos de ordenha. Para este fim utiLizaram-se amostras do Leite de 289 vacas LocaLizadas em rebanhos de quatro municipaLidades do Norte de Antioquia com dois tipos diferentes de ordenha (manuaL e mecânica), a cada amostra do Leite foi feito um cuLtivo bacterioLógico para determinar a presença de microorganismos. De 289 amostras do Leite avaLiadas, 193 (66,78%) foram positivas para o isoLamento de quaLquer tipo de agente patogênico (oito diferentes agentes patogênicos isoLados), das quais 81 (28,02%) amostras eram de ordenha manuaL e 112 (38, 75%) foram de ordenha mecânica, encontrando uma maior percentagem de isoLamento dos agentes patogênicos bacterianos nos Leites provenientes do sistema de ordenha mecânica (p = 0,0236). O agente patogênico mais isoLado foi Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (Corinebacterium sp), microrganismo que faz parte da flora saprófita do animaL, presentes individuaLmente em 20,14% das amostras anaLisadas, e em reLação com outros agentes patogênicos o 0,7% das amostras. O microrganismo que sempre se reporta como o maior produtor de mastite subcLínica em gado é o Streptococcus agalactiae, um agente patogênico infeccioso, que neste estudo foi isoLado no 12,50% das amostras do Leite. Foi determinado o Odds ratio (OR) entre o isoLamento de Streptococcus agalactiae e Pontuação das céLuLas somáticas (SCS), e foi estatisticamente significativo, indicando que quando o agente patogênico está presente, o SCS aumenta e os animais são mais susceptíveis à mastite.

Variabilidad genética en seis SNPs de los genes CAPN1, CAST y LEP de toros brahman en ganaderías del trópico bajo colombiano / Genetic variability in six SNPs of CAPN1, CAST and LEP genes of brahman bulls in cattle farms on colombian tropical lowlands / Variabilidade genética em seis SNPs dos genes CAPN1, CAST e LEP de touros brahman em baixo trópico colombiano

Resumen Los genes CAPN1 y CAST codifican la (-calpaína y la calpastatina, las cuales participan en la degradación de las fibras musculares luego del rigor mortis, además, el gen LEP codifica a la leptina, una hormona que regula la deposición de grasa en el músculo. Éstos genes presentan SNPs relacionados con la terneza y la jugosidad de la carne y con características de la canal. Con el fin de conocer el potencial genético de la raza Brahman, se genotipificaron los SNPs CAPN316, CAPN4751, CAST282, CAST2959, E2FB y E2JW mediante PCR-HRM en 270 machos de ganaderías de cuatro regiones y se hizo un estudio de estructura y diferenciación poblacional. No hubo diferencia (p>0,05) en las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de los marcadores evaluados entre las subpoblaciones, las frecuencias genotípicas en la población general fueron: CAPN316 (CG = 0,078, GG = 0,922), CAPN4751 (CC = 0,289, CT = 0,104, TT = 0,606), CAST282 (CC = 0,285, CG = 0,448, GG = 0,267), CAST2959 (AA = 0,400, AG = 0,370, GG = 0,230), E2FB (CC = 0,633, CT = 0,356, TT = 0,011) y E2JW (AA = 0,985, AT = 0,010, TT = 0,004). Los marcadores CAPN316, CAST282 y E2JW se encontraron en HWE (p>0,05), mientras que CAPN4751 y CAST2959 presentaron Ho < He y en E2FB Ho > He. Los valores de los estadísticos F fueron: FIS = 0,153, FIT = 0,157 y FST= 0,005. De lo anterior se deduce que las ganaderías Brahman estudiadas presentan un leve grado de endogamia y constituyen una sola población, todos los marcadores evaluados son polimórficos, excepto E2JW, sin embargo existe la posibilidad de producir carne más tierna y jugosa debido a que aunque con frecuencias muy bajas, se pueden encontrar animales portadores de todos los alelos asociados.

Abstract The CAPN1 and CAST genes encodes μ-calpain and calpastatin, both genes participate on degradation of muscle fibers after rigor mortis; in addition the LEP gene codes for leptin, which regulates the fat deposition in muscle. These genes shows SNPs related to tenderness and juiciness of meat and productive characteristics of the carcass. In order to know the genetic potential of Brahman cattle the CAPN316, CAPN4751, CAST282, CAST2959, E2FB and E2JW SNPs were genotyped by PCR-HRM in 270 Brahman males from four different geographical areas, also the study of differentiation of population structure was made. There was no difference (p> 0.05) in genotype and allele frequencies of these markers between subpopulations, the genotypic frequencies in the general population were: CAPN316 (CG = 0.078, GG = 0.922), CAPN4751 (CC = 0.289, CT = 0.104, TT = 0.606), CAST282 (CC = 0.285, CG = 0.448, GG = 0.267), CAST2959 (AA = 0.400, AG = 0.370, GG = 0.230), E2FB (CC = 0.633, CT = 0.356, TT = 0.011) and E2JW (AA = 0.985, AT = 0.010, TT = 0.004). The CAPN316, CAST282 and E2JW markers were found in HWE (p> 0.05), while CAPN4751 and CAST2959 showed Ho < He and in E2FB Ho > He. The F statistics values were: ​​FIS = 0.153, FIT = 0.157 and FST = 0.005. Was conclude that the Brahman herds studied present a slight degree of inbreeding and constitute a single population; all markers evaluated are polymorphic, except for E2JW, however the production of more tender and juicy meats could be possible, because the associated alleles with this characteristics were founds although in low frequencies.

Resumo Os genes CAPN1 e CAST codificam (-calpaína e calpastatina, que participam da degradação das fibras musculares após o rigor mortis, além disso, o gene LEP codifica a leptina, um hormônio que regula a deposição de gordura no músculo. Estes genes apresentam SNPs relacionados à ternura e suco de carne e com características do canal. Para conhecer o potencial genético da raça Brahman, os SNPs CAPN316, CAPN4751, CAST282, CAST2959, E2FB e E2JW foram genotipados por PCR-HRM em 270 homens de quatro regiões e um estudo sobre a estrutura e diferenciação da população. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) nas freqüências alélicas e genotípicas dos marcadores avaliados entre as subpopulações, as freqüências genotípicas na população geral foram: CAPN316 (CG = 0,078, GG = 0,922), CAPN4751 (CC= 0,289, CT= 0,104, TT = 0,606), CAST282 (CC = 0,285, CG = 0,448, GG= 0,267), CAST2959 (AA = 0,400, AG= 0,370, GG = 0,230), E2FB (CC = 0,633, CT= 0,356, TT= 0,011) e E2JW (AA= 0,985, AT = 0,010, TT = 0,004). Os marcadores CAPN316, CAST282 e E2JW foram encontrados em HWE (p>0,05), enquanto CAPN4751 e CAST2959 mostraram Ho <He e em E2FB Ho> He. Os valores das estatísticas F foram: FIS = 0,153, FIT = 0,1557 e FST = 0,005. A partir do acima, deduz-se que os rebanhos de Brahman estudaram apresentar um ligeiro grau de endogamia e constituem uma população única, todos os marcadores avaliados são polimórficos, exceto E2JW, porém existe a possibilidade de produzir carne mais suave e suculenta porque, embora com freqüências muito baixo, podem ser encontrados animais que transportam todos os alelos associados.

Variación de caracteres morfológicos del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus) en el trópico alto de Antioquia / Morphological variation of characters of kikuyu grass ( Cenchrus clandestinus ) in the high tropics of Antioquia / Variação de caracteres morfológicos de Kikuyu Grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) na alta Trópico de Antioquia

Resumen El pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus) representa cerca del 80% de la base de toda la alimentación forrajera de la lechería especializada del país. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar y comparar algunos caracteres morfológicos en poblaciones del pasto kikuyo ubicadas en el trópico alto Antioqueño. Se recolectaron 384 muestras de material vegetativo en tres zonas del departamento de Antioquia. Para cada muestra se estableció ancho y largo de la lámina, longitud de entrenudos, diámetro de entrenudos, ancho de los nudos, y ancho y largo de la vaina. Con el fin de representar en un espacio geométrico bidimensional las proximidades existentes entre las unidades experimentales colectadas en los diferentes municipios, se realizó un análisis de escalamiento multidimensional (MDS). Adicionalmente los resultados se analizaron mediante modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) usando cada medida como variable dependiente. El municipio tuvo un efecto altamente significativo (p<0.01) sobre todos los caracteres morfológicos medidos. Para la característica diámetro entrenudos, ancho entrenudos, lamina y vaina; los días del descanso y la altitud, tuvieron un efecto altamente significativo (p<0.01). Aunque no se encontró un patrón de similitudes entre las características morfológicas, los efectos incluidos en los modelos fueron todos estadísticamente significativos para cada uno de estos caracteres Para establecer mejores resultados que puedan ser potenciales para futuros programas de mejoramiento genético se recomienda asociar dicha información con estudios de diversidad y variación genética.

Abstract The kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) represents about 80% of the base of all the forage supply of specialized dairy country. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare some morphological characters in kikuyu grass populations located in the high tropics Antioqueño. 384 samples of plant material were collected in three areas of the department of Antioquia. For each sample width and length of the lamina, internode length, diameter internode, width node, width and length of the sheath it was established. In order to represent a two-dimensional geometric space in existing proximity between experimental units collected in different municipalities, an analysis of multidimensional scaling (MDS) it was performed. In addition the results were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLM) using each measure as dependiente variable. The municipality had a highly significant (p <0.01) on all measured morphological characters. For the characteristic diameter internodes, wide internodes, lamina and sheath; the days of rest and altitude, had a highly significant effect (p <0.01). Although a pattern of similarities between morphological characteristics were found, the effects included in the models were all statistically significant for each of these characters To establish better results that may be potential for future breeding programs is recommended to associate this information with studies diversity and genetic variation.

Resumo A grama kikuyu (Cenchrus clandestinus) representa cerca de 80% da base de toda a oferta de forragem país leiteiro especializado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar alguns caracteres morfológicos em populações pennisetums Antioqueño localizadas nas altas trópicos. 384 amostras de material vegetal foram coletadas em três áreas do departamento de Antioquia. Para cada largura da amostra e comprimento da lâmina, comprimento dos entrenós, entrenudos diâmetro, nós largura, largura e comprimento da bainha foi estabelecido. A fim de representar um espaço geométrico bidimensional na proximidade existente entre as unidades experimentais coletados em diferentes municípios, uma análise de escalonamento multidimensional (MDS) foi realizada. Além disso, os resultados foram analisados ​​usando modelos lineares generalizados (GLM), utilizando cada medida como variável dependiente. O município tinha uma correlação altamente significativa (p <0,01) em todos os caracteres morfológicas medidos. Para a função de diâmetro entrenudos, entrenós de largura, lâmina e bainha; os dias de descanso e a altitude, teve um efeito altamente significativo (p <0,01). Embora um padrão de semelhanças entre as características morfológicas não foi foram encontrados, os efeitos incluídas nos modelos foram todas estatisticamente significativas para cada um desses personagens Para estabelecer melhores resultados que podem ser potencial para futuros programas de melhoramento é recomendado para associar esta informação com estudos diversidade e variação genética.