RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Global increase in food and water pollution is associated with health risk, which depends on the concentration, the dose, and the exposure time. This has raised concerns about the possible long-term effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship among socioeconomic status, eating patterns, and exposure to heavy metals among a population of women in Cali, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 233 non-pregnant women of childbearing age living in the Aguablanca district of Cali, Colombia, were enrolled in the study. We gathered sociodemographic data, as well as information on housing conditions, exposure to heavy metals, frequency of food intake, and anthropometric measurements. Samples of lettuce, cabbage and fish (tilapia and butterfish) were collected to determine lead, cadmium, and mercury concentrations. Descriptive and multiple correspondence analyses were performed to establish eating patterns. RESULTS: Fish was served in each of the three main meals of the day, with a bigger serving at lunch time. Cadmium was found in three samples of butterfish at levels below the acceptable. Of those who ate fish more than once a week, 11.1% bought the product at a cadmium-positive store. The multiple correspondence analysis showed a positive relationship between being black and consuming butterfish and tilapia more than once per week. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed that the studied population had access to heavy metal-contaminated food, which combined with the women's cultural eating patterns, socioeconomic status, and metabolic characteristics led to a greater vulnerability to the effects of heavy metals exposure.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Comportamento Alimentar , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Classe Social , Mulheres , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Antropometria , Brassica/química , Colômbia , Etnicidade , Peixes , Humanos , Lactuca/química , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen Introducción. La contaminación del agua y de los alimentos constituye un riesgo creciente para la salud a nivel mundial. Dicho riesgo varía según las concentraciones y las dosis de los contaminantes y el tiempo de exposición, especialmente por los posibles efectos a largo plazo debidos a la exposición crónica a bajas concentraciones de metales pesados como el plomo, el cadmio y el mercurio. Objetivo. Explorar la relación entre la condición socioeconómica, los patrones de alimentación y la exposición a metales pesados en una población de mujeres de Cali. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 233 mujeres en edad fértil, no embarazadas, residentes en el distrito de Aguablanca, Cali, Colombia. Se recolectó información sociodemográfica, así como sobre las condiciones de la vivienda, la exposición a metales pesados, la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y las mediciones antropométricas. Para determinar las concentraciones de plomo, cadmio y mercurio, se tomaron muestras de lechuga, repollo y peces (tilapia y 'manteco'). Se hicieron análisis descriptivos y de correspondencias múltiples para establecer los patrones de consumo. Resultados. El pescado se incluía en las tres comidas del día, especialmente en el almuerzo; se encontró cadmio por debajo de los niveles permitidos en tres muestras de 'manteco'. El 11,1 % de quienes consumían pescado una vez o más por semana lo había comprado en un expendio en el cual las muestras fueron positivas para cadmio. Mediante el análisis de correspondencias múltiples, se determinó la presencia de una relación entre el ser de raza negra y el consumo de 'manteco' y tilapia una vez o más por semana. Conclusiones. La población de estudio tuvo acceso a alimentos contaminados con metales pesados. Esto, sumado a las características metabólicas de las mujeres y a sus condiciones socioeconómicas, incrementó su exposición y vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos de la contaminación.
Abstract Introduction: Global increase in food and water pollution is associated with health risk, which depends on the concentration, the dose, and the exposure time. This has raised concerns about the possible long-term effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury. Objective: Toexplore the relationship among socioeconomic status, eating patterns, and exposure to heavy metals among a population of women in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: A total of 233 non-pregnant women of childbearing age living in the Aguablanca district of Cali, Colombia, were enrolled in the study. We gathered sociodemographic data, as well as information on housing conditions, exposure to heavy metals, frequency of food intake, and anthropometric measurements. Samples of lettuce, cabbage and fish (tilapia and butterfish) were collected to determine lead, cadmium, and mercury concentrations. Descriptive and multiple correspondence analyses were performed to establish eating patterns. Results: Fish was served in each of the three main meals of the day, with a bigger serving at lunch time. Cadmium was found in three samples of butterfish at levels below the acceptable. Of those who ate fish more than once a week, 11.1% bought the product at a cadmium-positive store. The multiple correspondence analysis showed a positive relationship between being black and consuming butterfish and tilapia more than once per week. Conclusions: The findings showed that the studied population had access to heavy metal-contaminated food, which combined with the women's cultural eating patterns, socioeconomic status, and metabolic characteristics led to a greater vulnerability to the effects of heavy metals exposure.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Classe Social , Mulheres , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Comportamento Alimentar , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Brassica/química , Etnicidade , Antropometria , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Colômbia , Lactuca/química , PeixesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Exposure to pollutants such as pesticides and heavy metals has been linked to health problems. Several studies have revealed the presence of these contaminants in Cali; however, there is no information available about the main routes of exposure and risk of these contaminants. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk associated with the intake of cadmium, lead and mercury, and pesticides 2,4-D and diuron through the consumption of water and food in a population in Cali. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Population and environmental data were obtained, and a risk assessment was performed using United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. RESULTS: The concentrations of the evaluated pollutants were below permissible levels as established by the Colombian Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial (3 µg/L -1 of cadmium; 10 µg/L -1 of lead; 1 µg/L -1 of mercury; 1 µg/L -1 of 2,4 D; 1 µg/L -1 of diuron). Salema butterfish ( Peprilus snyderi ) samples contained levels of cadmium between 20 and 80 µg/kg -1 , which are below the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (100 µg/kg -1 ). The results of the risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic attributable risk to population health from the intake of food contaminants was below the maximum level permitted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. CONCLUSIONS: It is believed that the findings in previous studies on pollutants may have been due to specific contamination events; therefore, monitoring and early warning about water intake is recommended. Furthermore, the report of cadmium being found in fish consumed as food suggests the need for quality control by regulators.
Assuntos
Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético/análogos & derivados , Cádmio/análise , Diurona/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Mercúrio/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Introducción. La exposición a contaminantes como plaguicidas y metales pesados, se asocia a problemas de salud. Diversos estudios revelan la presencia de estos contaminantes en Cali; sin embargo, no existe información sobre las rutas principales de esa exposición y su riesgo implícito. Objetivo. Estimar los riesgos asociados a la exposición a cadmio, plomo y mercurio, y a los plaguicidas ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético y diuron, debida al consumo de agua potable y alimentos en un grupo de población de Cali. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron datos ambientales e información sobre la población, y se valoró el riesgo empleando los modelos de la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) de los Estados Unidos. Resultados. Las concentraciones de los contaminantes evaluados estuvieron por debajo de las permisibles establecidas por el Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial de Colombia (3 µg/L -1 de cadmio; 10 µg/L -1 de plomo; 1 µg/L -1 de mercurio; 1 µg/L - 1 de ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético; 1 µg/L -1 de diuron). En las muestras de pescado "manteco" ( Peprilus snyderi ), se detectaron concentraciones de cadmio entre 20 y 80 µg/kg -1 por debajo del límite permisible establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (100 µg/kg -1 ). Los resultados de la valoración mostraron que el riesgo cancerígeno y no cancerígeno atribuible a la ingestión de alimentos y de agua potable con presencia de los contaminantes evaluados, estaba por debajo de los valores máximos admisibles según la EPA. Conclusiones. Se cree que los hallazgos sobre contaminantes en estudios anteriores, pueden deberse a eventos puntuales de contaminación y se recomienda vigilar la bocatoma de agua y emitir alertas tempranas. El reporte sobre la presencia de cadmio en las muestras de pescado, sugiere que el control de la calidad de los alimentos por parte de las entidades reguladoras debe mejorar.
Introduction: Exposure to pollutants such as pesticides and heavy metals has been linked to health problems. Several studies have revealed the presence of these contaminants in Cali; however, there is no information available about the main routes of exposure and risk of these contaminants. Objective: To estimate the risk associated with the intake of cadmium, lead and mercury, and pesticides 2,4-D and diuron through the consumption of water and food in a population in Cali. Materials and methods: Population and environmental data were obtained, and a risk assessment was performed using United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Results: The concentrations of the evaluated pollutants were below permissible levels as established by the Colombian Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial (3 µg/L -1 of cadmium; 10 µg/L -1 of lead; 1 µg/L -1 of mercury; 1 µg/L -1 of 2,4 D; 1 µg/L -1 of diuron). Salema butterfish ( Peprilus snyderi ) samples contained levels of cadmium between 20 and 80 µg/kg -1 , which are below the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (100 µg/kg -1 ). The results of the risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic attributable risk to population health from the intake of food contaminants was below the maximum level permitted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Conclusions: It is believed that the findings in previous studies on pollutants may have been due to specific contamination events; therefore, monitoring and early warning about water intake is recommended. Furthermore, the report of cadmium being found in fish consumed as food suggests the need for quality control by regulators.