COVID-19 Infection among Nursing Students in Spain: The Risk Perception, Perceived Risk Factors, Coping Style, Preventive Knowledge of the Disease and Sense of Coherence as Psychological Predictor Variables: A Cross Sectional Survey.

The exploration of patterns of health beliefs about COVID-19 among nursing students may be beneficial to identify behaviors, attitudes and knowledge about contagion risk. We sought to analyze the variables of risk perception, perceived risk factors, coping style, sense of coherence and knowledge of preventive measures as possible predictors of having suffered from COVID-19. Participants were nursing students from 13 universities in Spain. Sociodemographic and health variables were collected. To test the independent variables, the Perception Risk Coping Knowledge (PRCK-COVID-19) scale was created and validated because there was no specific survey for young people adapted to the pandemic situation of COVID-19. It was validated with adequate psychometric properties. A total of 1562 students (87.5% female, mean age 21.5 ± 5.7 years) responded. The high perception of the risk of contagion, the high level of knowledge and a coping style focused on the situation were notable. Significant differences by gender were found in the coping styles, problem-focused, avoidance and knowledge scales, with women scoring higher in all categories. The multiple regression analysis was significant (F = 3.68; p < 0.001). The predictor variables were the coping styles subscale search for support and the intrinsic and extrinsic perceived risk factors. Our model predicts that nursing students with a social support-based coping style are at a higher risk of becoming infected with COVID-19, based on their own health belief model.

Design of the EBE-ST Questionnaire among Nursing Students: Multicenter Study from Eight Universities in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Twenty years after the degree in nursing was introduced in Spain, the subject of evidence-based nursing is still unstructured and unestablished in most faculties. Moreover, there are hardly any rigorous studies at a national level that evaluate the current state of this competence in our faculties. Understanding the starting point is essential for the curricular design to ensure that evidence-based practice is implemented among future professionals. AIM: To design and validate an evidence-based nursing competency questionnaire for fourth-year nursing students. METHODS: A specific questionnaire was developed and validated (EBE-ST). A cross-sectional survey design with psychometric validation of an instrument. Participants were 304 senior year nursing students from eight universities in Spain (2020). RESULTS: The EBE-ST questionnaire is composed of 33 items that determine eight factors. It presents adequate reliability and validity (alpha = 0.882), measuring knowledge, attitudes and the practical application of evidence-based practice. CONCLUSIONS: We have created an instrument with good psychometric properties to measure evidence-based practice competence among senior nursing students. The heterogeneity of knowledge regarding evidence-based nursing in our country suggests that further reflection is warranted on the incorporation of this topic during undergraduate training. We have designed and validated an evidence-based nursing competency questionnaire specific to nursing students.

Innovative teaching strategies in palliative care: Reading of a phenomenological text on the experience of living with advanced cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pedagogical strategies in palliative care are diverse and mainly aimed to understand patients with advanced disease and improving their care. Phenomenological texts are stories intended to evoke lived experiences and help understand complex situations. AIM: To determine what thoughts, experiences and feelings nursing students have when reading a phenomenological text about the experience of a person living with advanced cancer. DESIGN AND METHOD: A descriptive qualitative study with palliative care students of the nursing degree at two university centres. The students reflected on a phenomenological text. A thematic analysis of the 14 reflections was performed. The reflections were analysed inductively and independently, and periodic sessions were held to discuss the identified categories and topics. RESULTS: The students' writings showed that reading the phenomenological text caused them to reflect and feel moved and challenged. The impact on the students is grouped into three categories: the experience of the corporeality of patients with advanced disease makes students aware of the importance of the body; the disease as an individual transformative process challenges students; and the experiences of people with advanced cancer make students aware of the importance of how they care for patients and their families. CONCLUSION: The reading of a phenomenological text on the experience of living with advanced cancer may be a teaching method that can generate experiences that promote reflective and experiential learning in nursing students. It seems to be a useful tool for teaching in subjects focusing on person-centred care.

The experiences and needs of primary family caregivers of patients with multiple myeloma: A qualitative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Family caregivers play a key role in the lives of patients with multiple myeloma. However, very little is known about the impact that the disease (its diagnosis, course and prognosis) has on the main family caregiver. AIM: To achieve a deeper understanding of the lived experience of individuals who are the primary caregiver of a relative with multiple myeloma and to shed light on their needs. DESIGN: Interpretative phenomenological study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 12 individuals who were the main family caregivers of a relative with multiple myeloma who was under outpatient follow-up at a cancer unit in Barcelona were recruited via purposive sampling until data saturation was reached. In semi-structured in-depth interviews, participants described their experiences of caring for their relative with multiple myeloma. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using ATLAS.ti v7.2. The seven steps proposed by Colaizzi were used for data analysis, and the relationships among emerging themes were examined. FINDINGS: Four main themes emerged: (a) a new life, adapting to the disease, (b) commitment to the patient, (c) the emotional sphere and (d) experiences in relation to the care and support received. The analysis also revealed a core overarching theme: uncertainty. CONCLUSION: Primary family caregivers experienced intense uncertainty, and they described a strong need to air their feelings. Specific practical initiatives, targeting both health-related and logistical aspects of care, need to be developed in order to support family caregivers of myeloma patients.

Otra manera de enseñar enfermería clínica: el arte como vehículo formador / Another way to teach clinical nursing: Art as a learning methodology

En los estudios de enfermería se reconoce la existencia de problemas que están provocando un bajo rendimiento académico a nivel internacional, así como un aumento de absentismo y abandono de la titulación. Diversos estudios han utilizado el arte como estrategia de enseñanza, demostrando un aumento en el aprendizaje y en la motivación de los estudiantes. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar una experiencia docente que incluye el arte como vehículo formador en el aprendizaje de la fisiopatología y cuidados enfermeros de la piel. Para ello se realiza un diseño mixto, con una primera fase cualitativa exploratoria preliminar y una segunda fase cuantitativa para evaluar la intervención definitiva. Los principales resultados muestran que el aprendizaje de los contenidos en los que se ha utilizado el arte como metodología docente han sido mejor asimilados, y los estudiantes se han mostrado altamente satisfechos con esta metodología; respecto al pensamiento creativo, la escala EDICOS ha mostrado una alta consistencia en todas las dimensiones, y no se han obtenido diferencias significativas en relación con el género. Los estudiantes expresan que la observación e interpretación del arte les ha permitido una aproximación a la realidad y una reflexión sobre los cuidados enfermeros

Several nursing studies recognise the existence of problems that are caused by a low academic performance at international level, as well as an increase in absenteeism and abandonment of the degree. Most of these studies have used art as an instrument of learning, demonstrating an increase in student knowledge and motivation. The objective of this study is to evaluate a teaching experience that includes Arts-Based-Learning of the pathophysiology and nursing care of the skin. A two-phase mixed design was used to evaluate the (definitive) intervention. In the first phase, the qualitative performance was explored, and in the second phase, the quantitative performance was evaluated. RESULTS: showed a better assimilation of learning contents for those students for whom art has been used as a teaching methodology. A high level of satisfaction among students was also observed with this methodology. Regarding creative thinking, the EDICOS scale showed a high consistency in all dimensions. However, no significant gender-related differences were found. Students expressed that the observation and interpretation of art have provided them with an outline of the current situation, and a reflection of nursing care

Spanish Adaptation of the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale (FATCOD-S) in Nursing Undergraduates.

The Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale (FATCOD) is designed to assess the attitudes of professionals and trainees toward caring for the dying patient and their family members. In this study the main aim is to adapt the FATCOD to a Spanish context (FATCOD-S). In addition, the relations between FATCOD-S, sociodemographic variables, emotional intelligence, and death attitudes have been analyzed. A sample of 669 Spanish nursing students from four Universities responded to a questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) concludes a structure composed of two significant factors. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out. The CFA supported a two-factor model. Students with past experience of death and those who had received training in palliative care scored significantly higher on both factors of the FATCOD-S ( p < 0.01). The FATCOD-S is an effective and valid tool for measuring the attitudes of Spanish nursing students toward caring for patients at the end of life.

Death attitudes and positive coping in Spanish nursing undergraduates: a cross-sectional and correlational study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyse the relationship between death attitudes, emotional intelligence, resilience and self-esteem in a sample of nursing undergraduates. BACKGROUND: The death attitudes held by nursing students may influence the care they offer to end-of-life patients and their families. Emotional intelligence, resilience and self-esteem are important social and emotional competencies for coping positively with death and dying. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and correlational study. METHODS: Participants were 760 nursing undergraduates from four nursing schools in Spain. Data were collected in 2013-2014. The students responded anonymously to a self-report questionnaire that gathered socio-demographic data and which assessed the following aspects: fear of death (Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale), death anxiety (Death Anxiety Inventory-Revised), perceived emotional intelligence (Trait Meta-Mood Scale, with its three dimensions: attention, clarity and repair), resilience (Brief Resilient Coping Scale) and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). In addition to descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, mean differences, correlations and regression analyses were computed. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis indicated that attention to feelings, resilience and self-esteem are the significant predictors of death anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that death anxiety and fear of death are modulated by social and emotional competencies associated with positive coping. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The training offered to future nurses should include not only scientific knowledge and technical skills but also strategies for developing social and emotional competencies. In this way, they will be better equipped to cope positively and constructively with the suffering and death they encounter at work, thus helping them to offer compassionate patient-centred care and minimising the distress they experience in the process.

Afrontar el sufrimiento y la muerte: desafíos para el cuidado en el siglo XXI / Coping with suffering, dying and death: challenges for care in the 21st century

No disponible

The impact of death and dying on nursing students: an explanatory model.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore nursing students' experiences of death and dying in clinical practice. BACKGROUND: The encounter with death constitutes one of the most stressful experiences reported by nursing students during their clinical training. In particular, it can be difficult for student nurses to cope with the patient's suffering, to provide postmortem care and to communicate with the patient and his/her family as death approaches. Although some research has been carried out in relation to this phenomenon, there remains a need to identify and understand the situations and experiences that are of most concern to students, those which may affect their ability to cope and, therefore, interfere with the care they are able to offer to the dying patient and his/her family. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive and hermeneutic study. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews (n = 12) were conducted with nursing students. Data were collected in 2012-2013. Transcripts were analysed using Colaizzi's seven-step procedure. FINDINGS: The analysis identified five themes: impact, training in end-of-life care, ethical issues, coping and learning/growth/healing connections. The central theme was the enormous impact the encounter with death had, while the other themes were a response to and/or modulators of this impact. An explanatory model was derived on the basis of the relationship between all these emergent themes. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to understand nursing students' experience of death so as to minimise its impact. The explanatory model described here could be a useful tool for the design of training programmes on end-of-life care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Adequate training of this kind would help to ensure that future nurses offer high-quality care to patients and their families, minimising the impact of death and preventing emotional fatigue.

Fear of death among nursing students

Objetivo. Evaluar, en una muestra de estudiantes de enfermería, el miedo ante la muerte propia y ajena y sus relaciones con diversas variables sociodemográficas: sexo, edad, curso académico, origen geográfico, estado civil y experiencias previas con la muerte. Método. Diseño observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Participaron 243 estudiantes de enfermería, que respondieron a un cuestionario que contenía las variables sociodemográficas y la forma española de la escala de miedo a la muerte de Collet-Lester (CLFDS). En el análisis estadístico se calcularon medias y desviaciones típicas, prueba t de Student, ANOVA y coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y Spearman. Resultados. Se obtuvieron correlaciones negativas entre la CLFDS y la edad. Las mujeres obtienen puntuaciones más altas en las cuatro subescalas de la CLFDS. La creencia y la práctica religiosa correlacionan negativamente con el miedo a la propia muerte. El contacto previo con la muerte correlaciona negativamente con tres de las subescalas de la CLFDS. Los sujetos solteros puntúan más alto en dos de las subescalas de la CLFDS. Según el curso académico se observa significación estadística en la subescala de miedo a la muerte de otros. Conclusiones. Para planificar la formación de los estudiantes de enfermería en competencias específicas para el acompañamiento al final de la vida, es muy importante conocer sus actitudes ante la muerte y sus variables relacionadas, así como los elementos que producen en ellos mayores reacciones de miedo y/o ansiedad, que pueden afectar a la calidad de los cuidados que proporcionen en su futuro ejercicio profesional (AU)

Objective. To assess, using a sample of nursing students, the fear of their own death and that of others and its relationship with several sociodemographic variables: gender, age, academic year, geographical origin, marital status and previous experiences with death. Methods. An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study including 243 nursing students who completed a questionnaire containing the sociodemographic variables and the Spanish version of the Collet-Lester's Fear of Death Scale (CLFDS). Means and standard deviations, Student t test, ANOVA and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, were calculated in the statistical analysis. Results. A negative correlation was obtained between the CLFDS and age. Women scored higher on the four subscales of the CLFDS. Religious belief and practice were negatively correlated with fear of own death. Previous experiences with death are negatively correlated with three subscales of the CLFDS. Single nursing students scored higher on two subscales of the CLFDS. Statistical significance with the academic year was observed in the subscale of fear of others’ death. Conclusions. To plan the training of nursing students based on specific competences on caring at the end of life, it is very important to understand the students’ attitudes toward death. It is also important to understand the related variables, as well as the elements that trigger more fear or anxiety in the students, which can affect the quality of care they provide in their future professional practice (AU)

[Fear of death among nursing students]. / Miedo a la muerte en estudiantes de enfermería.

OBJECTIVE: To assess, using a sample of nursing students, the fear of their own death and that of others and its relationship with several sociodemographic variables: gender, age, academic year, geographical origin, marital status and previous experiences with death. METHODS: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study including 243 nursing students who completed a questionnaire containing the sociodemographic variables and the Spanish version of the Collet-Lester's Fear of Death Scale (CLFDS). Means and standard deviations, Student t test, ANOVA and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, were calculated in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A negative correlation was obtained between the CLFDS and age. Women scored higher on the four subscales of the CLFDS. Religious belief and practice were negatively correlated with fear of own death. Previous experiences with death are negatively correlated with three subscales of the CLFDS. Single nursing students scored higher on two subscales of the CLFDS. Statistical significance with the academic year was observed in the subscale of fear of others' death. CONCLUSIONS: To plan the training of nursing students based on specific competences on caring at the end of life, it is very important to understand the students' attitudes toward death. It is also important to understand the related variables, as well as the elements that trigger more fear or anxiety in the students, which can affect the quality of care they provide in their future professional practice.