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BackgroundBetter understanding of the association between characteristics of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and outcome is needed to further improve upon patient management. MethodsImmunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 Cohort (IMPACC) is a prospective, observational study of 1,164 patients from 20 hospitals across the United States. Disease severity was assessed using a 7-point ordinal scale based on degree of respiratory illness. Patients were prospectively surveyed for 1 year after discharge for post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) through quarterly surveys. Demographics, comorbidities, radiographic findings, clinical laboratory values, SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology were captured over a 28-day period. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. FindingsThe median age was 59 years (interquartile range [IQR] 20); 711 (61%) were men; overall mortality was 14%, and 228 (20%) required invasive mechanical ventilation. Unsupervised clustering of ordinal score over time revealed distinct disease course trajectories. Risk factors associated with prolonged hospitalization or death by day 28 included age [≥] 65 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI 1.28-3.17), Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 1.71; 95% CI 1.13-2.57), elevated baseline creatinine (OR 2.80; 95% CI 1.63-4.80) or troponin (OR 1.89; 95% 1.03-3.47), baseline lymphopenia (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.61-2.97), presence of infiltrate by chest imaging (OR 3.16; 95% CI 1.96-5.10), and high SARS-CoV2 viral load (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.17-2.00). Fatal cases had the lowest ratio of SARS-CoV-2 antibody to viral load levels compared to other trajectories over time (p=0.001). 589 survivors (51%) completed at least one survey at follow-up with 305 (52%) having at least one symptom consistent with PASC, most commonly dyspnea (56% among symptomatic patients). Female sex was the only associated risk factor for PASC. InterpretationIntegration of PCR cycle threshold, and antibody values with demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory/radiographic findings identified risk factors for 28-day outcome severity, though only female sex was associated with PASC. Longitudinal clinical phenotyping offers important insights, and provides a framework for immunophenotyping for acute and long COVID-19. FundingNIH RESEARCH IN CONTEXTO_ST_ABSEvidence before this studyC_ST_ABSWe did a systematic search of the PubMed database from January 1st, 2020 until April 24th, 2022 using the search terms: "hospitalized" AND "SARS-CoV-2" OR "COVID-19" AND "Pro-spective" AND "Antibody" OR "PCR" OR "long term follow up" and applying the following filters: "Multicenter Study" AND "Observational Study". No language restrictions were applied. While clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features associated with severe COVID-19 in hospitalized adults have been described, description of the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific assays available to clinicians (e.g. PCR and binding antibody) and their integration with other variables is scarce for both short and long term follow up. The current literature is comprised of several studies with small sample size, cross-sectional design with laboratory data typically only recorded at a single point in time (e.g., on admission), limited clinical characteristics, variable duration of follow up, single-center setting, retrospective analyses, kinetics of either PCR or antibody testing but not both, and outcomes such as death or, mechanical ventilation that do not allow delineation of variations in clinical course. Added value of this studyIn our large longitudinal multicenter cohort, the description of outcome severity, was not limited to survival versus death, but encompassed a clinical trajectory approach leveraging longitudinal data based on time in hospital, disease severity by ordinal scale based on degree of respiratory illness, and presence or absence of limitations at discharge. Fatal COVID-19 cases had the lowest ratio of antibody to viral load levels over time as compared to non-fatal cases. Integration of PCR cycle threshold and antibody values with demographics, baseline comorbidities, and laboratory/radiographic findings identified additional risk factors for outcome severity over the first 28 days. However, female sex was the only variable associated with persistence of symptoms over time. Persistence of symptoms was not associated with clinical trajectory over the first 28 days, nor with antibody/viral loads from the acute phase. Implications of all the available evidenceThe described calculated ratio (binding IgG/PCR Ct value) is unique compared to other studies, reflecting host pathogen interactions and representing an accessible approach for patient risk stratification. Integration of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and binding antibody kinetics with other laboratory as well as clinical characteristics in hospitalized COVID-19 patients can identify patients likely to have the most severe short-term outcomes, but is not predictive of symptom persistence at one year post-discharge.
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BACKGROUND: Restrictive bariatric procedures reduce gastric capacity as a primary mechanism of action. Intraoperatively, surgeons observe variability in size and compliance of specimens. We hypothesized that higher gastric specimen volume or tissue compliance would respond better to restrictive procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between September 2012 and September 2013 were enrolled. Specimens were insufflated at graduated pressure points creating pressure volume curves, and compliance was calculated. Postoperative weight loss and a hunger scores were recorded. Correlations were determined by Spearman correlation. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients consented to enrollment. Mean age, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 45 ± 12 years, 126 ± 23 kg, and 45.4 ± 6 m/kg2, respectively. The resected specimens varied in insufflated capacity from 0.3 to 1.8 (0.71 ± 0.32) L and compliance varied from 14.3 to 85.7 (36.1 ± 14.7) cc/mm Hg. Male patients had a larger greater curvature length (GCL) (P < 0.001), staple line length (SLL) (P = 0.03), gastric volume (GV) (P = 0.002), and gastric compliance (GC) (P < 0.001). Neither GV nor GC correlated to excess body weight loss (EBWL%) as hypothesized. There was an inverse correlation between hunger score and GV (P = 0.010). The mean 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month EBWL was 17.4%, 33.2%, 43.7%, and 54.1%, respectively. Follow-up was 71.4% at 1 month, 39.3% at 3 months, 54.8% at 6 months, and 42.9% at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Sleeve gastrectomy specimens exhibit nearly 6-fold variability in both volume and compliance. A large GC is anticipated in male and tall subjects. These observations do not appear to be correlated to %EBWL.