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PURPOSE: To assess the possible association between keratoconus (KC) and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), Selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) and to compare it with age-matched healthy subjects. METHODS: One hundred patients with KC and 100 normal subjects were included. The two groups were compared for serum 25OHD and serum levels of three trace elements: Se, Zn, and Cu. These factors were also compared between groups with different KC stages. RESULTS: Serum levels of vitamin D, Zn, Cu, and Se were significantly different between the KC and normal groups (P = 0.006, P = 0.015, P = 0.004, and P = 0.038, respectively). Although a lower level of 25OHD was found in severe stages of KC, it was not significantly different among different KC groups (P = 0.441). KC stage groups were not significantly different for mean serum Zn, Cu, and Se (P = 0.130, P = 0.98, P = 0.113, respectively). Although the Cu/Zn ratio was higher in cases than in controls, there was no significant difference between the two groups and between KC stages (P = 0.168, P = 0.143, respectively). CONCLUSION: Lower serum 25OHD, Cu, Zn, and Se were found in the KC group compared to the control group. The results of this study suggest that a lower antioxidative activity may be involved in the possible etiology of KC.
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PURPOSE: To find a possible association between patients' cooperation, perceived pain, and ocular dominance in patients who undergo photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS: One hundred-one eligible candidates for PRK refractive surgery were recruited. Preoperative exams were performed for all patients, and the dominant eye was specified. The surgeon was unaware about which eye was dominant. After surgery, the surgeon completed a cooperation score form for each patient. Ocular cyclotorsion, cooperation, and perceived pain scores were compared between the first-second eye surgeries and between dominant-non-dominant eyes surgeries. RESULTS: The dominant eye was the right eye in 68 patients and the left eye in 33 patients. First, eye surgery was performed on the dominant eye in 56 patients and on the non-dominant eye in 45 patients. Cooperation score and perceived pain were not significantly different between the first and second eye surgeries (P = 0.902 and P = 0.223, respectively), but cyclotorsion was more in the second eye (P = 0.031). Cooperation score, pain score, and cyclotorsion were not significantly different between dominant and non-dominant eye surgeries (P = 0.538, P = 0.581, and P = 0.193, respectively). Also, there was no correlation between cooperation score and duration of the surgery for the first or second eye (P = 0.12 and P = 0.78). CONCLUSION: During PRK surgery, the patients' cooperation and perceived pain did not seem to be associated with eye laterality or dominancy.
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PURPOSE: To compare chilled and room temperature balanced salt solution (BSS) and bandage contact lens (BCL) on post photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) pain. METHODS: In a prospective, single-masked, controlled eye study, one hundred eyes of fifty patients were divided into two groups which received room temperature or chilled BSS and BCL in each eye, and compared for post-PRK pain. Three different pain evaluation systems were used to evaluate pain between the groups at 1 and 6 h and days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7, postoperatively. RESULTS: 15 patients were male (30%), and 35 were female (70%). The mean age was 29 ± 5 (20-40) y/o. The mean spherical equivalent (SE) of preoperative refractive error in both groups was not statistically significantly different (-4.18 ± 1.5 in chilled and -4.19 ± 1.7 in room-temperature groups, respectively; P = 0.94). The mean time of epithelial healing was 6.16 ± 1.7 (3-13) days in the chilled and 6.10 ± 1.59 (3-12) in the room temperature group (P = 0.32). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 1 month was 0.013 ± 0.03 (0-0.22) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) in the chilled group and 0.014 ± 0.04 (0-0.22) logMAR in the room temperature group, postoperatively (P = 0.84). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups by any of the three pain scoring systems. No clinically important corneal haziness was found in the groups during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Chilled BSS and BCL do not seem to be superior to room temperature in reducing post-PRK pain.
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The objective of study was to determine the normative values of anterior and posterior best fit sphere (A-BFS and P-BFS) measured with Orbscan II Topography System. In this cross-sectional study, patients (age range: 18-40 years) referred to the Khatam Eye Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) were put in an observational cross-sectional study. The A-BFS and P-BFS were measured with the Orbscan II. The differences between genders, between right and left eyes, and age-related changes were evaluated. A total of 977 healthy participants consisted of 614 female and 363 male subjects aged 18-35 years participated. The average A-BFS in our study population was recorded as 43.060 ± 1.541 D (median: 43.00 D, mode: 43.10 D, range: 38.80-55.80 D). The average P-BFS in our study population was recorded as 52.702 ± 2.190 D (median: 52.60 D, mode: 53.10 D range: 46.9-62.20 D). The A-BFS and P-BFS were respectively 42.753 ± 1.629 and 52.327 ± 2.376 D in males and 43.242 ± 1.457 and 52.924 ± 2.041 D in females, which were statistically different between the genders (P < 0.001). However, A-BFS and P-BFS were not statistically different between right and left eyes (P = 0.649 and P = 0.688 respectively). In addition, A-BFS and P-BFS were not correlated with the age (r = 0.038, P = 0.096 and r = -0.142, P = 0.178 respectively). Considering 95 % confidence interval, A-BFS less than 43.13 D and greater than 42.99 D and P-BFS less than 52.80 D and greater than 52.60 D would be considered abnormal. Detailed description and analysis of A-BFS and P-BFS with Orbscan demonstrated that the obtained average value of BFS were higher in male than female and did not change with increasing age.
