RESUMO
The intelligent transportation system (ITS) relies heavily on the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) and the internet of vehicles (IoVs), which combine cloud and fog to improve task processing capabilities. As a cloud extension, the fog processes' infrastructure is close to VANET, fostering an environment favorable to smart cars with IT equipment and effective task management oversight. Vehicle processing power, bandwidth, time, and high-speed mobility are all limited in VANET. It is critical to satisfy the vehicles' requirements for minimal latency and fast reaction times while offloading duties to the fog layer. We proposed a fuzzy logic-based task scheduling system in VANET to minimize latency and improve the enhanced response time when offloading tasks in the IoV. The proposed method effectively transfers workloads to the fog computing layer while considering the constrained resources of car nodes. After choosing a suitable processing unit, the algorithm sends the job and its associated resources to the fog layer. The dataset is related to crisp values for fog computing for system utilization, latency, and task deadline time for over 5000 values. The task execution, latency, deadline of task, storage, CPU, and bandwidth utilizations are used for fuzzy set values. We proved the effectiveness of our proposed task scheduling framework via simulation tests, outperforming current algorithms in terms of task ratio by 13%, decreasing average turnaround time by 9%, minimizing makespan time by 15%, and effectively overcoming average latency time within the network parameters. The proposed technique shows better results and responses than previous techniques by scheduling the tasks toward fog layers with less response time and minimizing the overall time from task submission to completion.
RESUMO
Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SBAWH) is a highly promising approach for extracting water from the atmosphere thanks to its sustainability, exceptional energy efficiency, and affordability. In this work, ZnFe2O4 and Zn0.4Co0.6Fe2O4 were evaluated for moisture adsorption. The desired materials were synthesized by a surfactant-assisted sol-gel method. Synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and point of zero charge (PZC). Crystallinity and phase composition were evaluated by XRD analysis. Several parameters were determined using XRD analysis: lattice parameter, unit cell volume, crystallite size, and bulk density. The morphology of synthesized materials was assessed via SEM, and unveiled the acquisition of consistent, homogeneous, and uniform crystals. Elemental composition was determined through EDX spectroscopy. Water adsorption on the surface was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of synthesized ZnFe2O4 and cobalt-doped ZnFe2O4 ferrites were investigated using VSM. The negative charge on the Zn0.4Co0.6Fe2O4 surface was explored using PZC. Adsorption studies on synthesized materials were conducted with the help of an atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) plant created by our team. Moisture adsorption isotherms of synthesized materials were determined using a gravimetric method under varying temperature and relative humidity (45-95%) conditions. The moisture content (Mc) of Zn0.4Co0.6Fe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 was 597 mg g-1 and 104 mg g-1, respectively. Key thermodynamic properties, including isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst), change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and change in sorption entropy (ΔS), were evaluated. Qst was negative, which confirmed the sorption of water vapors on the material surface. ΔG and ΔS indicated that water-vapor adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. A second-order kinetics study was carried out on synthesized materials, demonstrating their chemisorption behavior. The latter was due to the oxygen defects created by replacement of Co2+ and Fe3+ at tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Water vapors in the atmosphere became attached to the surface and deprotonation occurred, and the hydroxyl ions were formed. Water vapor attached to these hydroxyl ions. A second-order kinetics study was carried out to confirm the chemisorption behavior of synthesized materials.
