Susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole assayed by a disk diffusion method with automated reading versus a microdilution method.

In vitro susceptibilities of 290 isolates of Candida spp to fluconazole were evaluated by a new NCCLS M44-P agar disk diffusion method that was read and interpreted automatically by the BIOMIC image-analysis plate reader system. Disk test results were compared to results obtained by a modified NCCLS M27-A broth microdilution method using RPMI-1640 supplemented with 2% dextrose. Overall agreement between both methods was 90.0%. Category agreement between the broth and disk test results for susceptible, susceptible dose-dependent and resistant disk results were 99.6%, 19.05% and 52.17%, respectively. No very major discrepancies, 1.03% major discrepancies, and 8.97% minor discrepancies were observed between results of the two test methods. This analysis suggests that results from both methods correlate highly for Candida strains susceptible to fluconazole. The lower agreement between the two methods for resistant and susceptible dose-dependent isolates was due to strains near or on that breakpoint, different media (Mueller-Hinton vs RPMI), agar vs broth, 80% vs 50% endpoints, and trailing growth near the endpoints.

Susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole assayed by a disk diffusion method with automated reading versus a microdilution method.

In vitro susceptibilities of 290 isolates of Candida spp to fluconazole were evaluated by a new NCCLS M44-P agar disk diffusion method that was read and interpreted automatically by the BIOMIC image-analysis plate reader system. Disk test results were compared to results obtained by a modified NCCLS M27-A broth microdilution method using RPMI-1640 supplemented with 2

dextrose. Overall agreement between both methods was 90.0

. Category agreement between the broth and disk test results for susceptible, susceptible dose-dependent and resistant disk results were 99.6

, 19.05

and 52.17

, respectively. No very major discrepancies, 1.03

major discrepancies, and 8.97

minor discrepancies were observed between results of the two test methods. This analysis suggests that results from both methods correlate highly for Candida strains susceptible to fluconazole. The lower agreement between the two methods for resistant and susceptible dose-dependent isolates was due to strains near or on that breakpoint, different media (Mueller-Hinton vs RPMI), agar vs broth, 80

vs 50

endpoints, and trailing growth near the endpoints.

Susceptibility of Candida species to fluconazole assayed by a disk diffusion method with automated reading versus a microdilution method

In vitro susceptibilities of 290 isolates of Candida spp to fluconazole were evaluated by a new NCCLS M44-P agar disk diffusion method that was read and interpreted automatically by the BIOMIC image-analysis plate reader system. Disk test results were compared to results obtained by a modified NCCLS M27-A broth microdilution method using RPMI-1640 supplemented with 2

. Category agreement between the broth and disk test results for susceptible, susceptible dose-dependent and resistant disk results were 99.6

major discrepancies, and 8.97

minor discrepancies were observed between results of the two test methods. This analysis suggests that results from both methods correlate highly for Candida strains susceptible to fluconazole. The lower agreement between the two methods for resistant and susceptible dose-dependent isolates was due to strains near or on that breakpoint, different media (Mueller-Hinton vs RPMI), agar vs broth, 80

endpoints, and trailing growth near the endpoints.

[Comparative study of the Candida albicans genotypes isolated from immunocompromised patients and health carriers]. / Estudio comparativo de los genotipos de Candida albicans aislados de pacientes inmunocomprometidos y portadores sanos.

The aim of this study is to compare Candida albicans strain genotype isolates from oral cavity of immunocompromised patients due to different immunologic impairments with apparently normal carriers. Four populations were studied: 1) HIV positive hospitalized patients, 2) HIV negative immunocompromised patients (leukemia, lymphoma, organ transplant recipients), 3) drug addicts prior to AIDS pandemia in Argentina, 4) apparently normal carriers. DNA extracted was digested with the enzyme Eco RI, electrophoresed, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and hybridized with the 27A probe labelled with 32P. The comparison between the profiles obtained permitted the differentiation of 16 genotypes. The distribution of the strains led to the conclusion that: a) all the isolated strains from AIDS patients were closely related and distributed in only three genotypes (1, 3, 11); b) a major genetic relationship between the isolates from AIDS patients and HIV negative immunocompromised patients was observed; c) strains from carriers showed a minor genetic similarity with those obtained from AIDS patients; d) characteristic profiles belonging to any of the studied groups were not found; e) significant genomic changes have not been observed during the last twenty years.

Estudio comparativo de los genotipos de Candida albicans aislados de pacientes inmunocomprometidos y portadores sanos. / [Comparative study of the Candida albicans genotypes isolated from immunocompromised patients and health carriers]

The aim of this study is to compare Candida albicans strain genotype isolates from oral cavity of immunocompromised patients due to different immunologic impairments with apparently normal carriers. Four populations were studied: 1) HIV positive hospitalized patients, 2) HIV negative immunocompromised patients (leukemia, lymphoma, organ transplant recipients), 3) drug addicts prior to AIDS pandemia in Argentina, 4) apparently normal carriers. DNA extracted was digested with the enzyme Eco RI, electrophoresed, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and hybridized with the 27A probe labelled with 32P. The comparison between the profiles obtained permitted the differentiation of 16 genotypes. The distribution of the strains led to the conclusion that: a) all the isolated strains from AIDS patients were closely related and distributed in only three genotypes (1, 3, 11); b) a major genetic relationship between the isolates from AIDS patients and HIV negative immunocompromised patients was observed; c) strains from carriers showed a minor genetic similarity with those obtained from AIDS patients; d) characteristic profiles belonging to any of the studied groups were not found; e) significant genomic changes have not been observed during the last twenty years.

Estudio comparativo de los genotipos de Candida albicans aislados de pacientes inmunocomprometidos y portadores sanos / [Comparative study of the Candida albicans genotypes isolated from immunocompromised patients and health carriers]

The aim of this study is to compare Candida albicans strain genotype isolates from oral cavity of immunocompromised patients due to different immunologic impairments with apparently normal carriers. Four populations were studied: 1) HIV positive hospitalized patients, 2) HIV negative immunocompromised patients (leukemia, lymphoma, organ transplant recipients), 3) drug addicts prior to AIDS pandemia in Argentina, 4) apparently normal carriers. DNA extracted was digested with the enzyme Eco RI, electrophoresed, transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and hybridized with the 27A probe labelled with 32P. The comparison between the profiles obtained permitted the differentiation of 16 genotypes. The distribution of the strains led to the conclusion that: a) all the isolated strains from AIDS patients were closely related and distributed in only three genotypes (1, 3, 11); b) a major genetic relationship between the isolates from AIDS patients and HIV negative immunocompromised patients was observed; c) strains from carriers showed a minor genetic similarity with those obtained from AIDS patients; d) characteristic profiles belonging to any of the studied groups were not found; e) significant genomic changes have not been observed during the last twenty years.

Experimental coccidioidomycosis in hamsters. Disease kinetics and death curve in relation to infective dose.

A study of experimental coccidioidomycosis in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) is presented. Two experiments were conducted on 75 animals inoculated intracardially with the mycelial form of Coccidioides immitis. The first research (experiment I) studied the kinetics of experimental disease in 15 hamsters inoculated with 300 C. immitis arthroconidia. The parameters studied were: (a) presence of macroscopic lesions in the brain, lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys; (b) microscopic identification of spherules in wet mount preparations of these specimens; (c) samples from all organs cultured at 37 degrees C on Sabouraud glucose agar; (d) blood cultures drawn every 24 h during the first week and subsequently every 48 h and (e) histopathological studies of all organs. The second experiment (experiment II) determined the relationship between the inoculum size and death curve in six groups of 10 animals each, which had received doses of 10, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 arthroconidia, respectively. On day 14 post-inoculation, all the animals underwent skin tests and 1 ml of blood was obtained by cardiac puncture to detect antibodies. Disseminated disease with persistent fungaemia developed in all the studied animals. Coccidioides immitis was recovered from all organs, with the lungs being the first to present disease. Death occurred in all groups, regardless of the dose of arthroconidia and 83.3% died between day 22 and day 28 post-infection. The use of this model is proposed for the biological standardization of antigens, the study of prophylactic measures and the "in vivo" evaluation of new antifungal treatments.

Conventional versus molecular diagnostic tests.

In this session, emphasis was placed on the diagnosis of various mycoses through the identification of antibodies and antigens in sera, as well as on new techniques to properly identify medically important fungi through molecular biological procedures. The use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) on fungal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has enabled the identification of different strains of Sporothrix schenkii, several dermatophytes, Candida spp. and black fungi according to their species-specific mtDNA-RFLP patterns. In some species, distinct specific types where found in relation to the geographic origin of the patients. These particular molecular diagnostic tests are useful in the identification of strains and in epidemiological studies. An account of the applications of serological methods in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis was presented. Serology has been used in the identification of paracoccidioidomycosis using a specific, sensitive and rapid antibody-based immunodiagnosis method. Using the gp43 antigen, the diagnostic coverage of inmunodifussion has been improved from the 93-95% achieved with crude antigens, to 100% in an enzyme-linked immunodiffusion assay capture test. Cross-reactions were eliminated by treatment of the antigen with sodium metaperiodate. Antibody detection is useful, especially in paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.

Training medical myocologists in developing countries.

Although there has over recent years been a marked rise in the incidence of serious fungal infections, many of which are prevalent in developing countries, few facilities exist for diagnosis and research in medical mycology. In most countries, medical mycology is not taught adequately to medical students and consequently there is little awareness of the importance of fungal infections. Model teaching programmes need to be developed. Practical knowledge of mycoses, their diagnosis and treatment and also basic mycology can be disseminated through well-constructed courses and workshops. Formalized training in mycology research also needs to be introduced. To achieve all of this, expertise and additional resources need to be made available. In this regard, ISHAM can and should help.

Oropharyngeal candidosis in AIDS patients: an epidemiological study using restriction analysis of Candida albicans total genomic DNA.

This study investigates the epidemiology of Candida albicans strains isolated from oral and rectal swabs obtained before and after treatment with antifungal drugs in hospitalized AIDS patients. Twenty-one health care workers from the hospital unit were also studied. Samples were obtained from the oral cavity and hands. The molecular fingerprinting restriction endonuclease-digested genomic DNA technique was used. A total of 94 C. albicans strains were isolated: 76 from patients and 18 from the health care workers. Each sample was digested independently with EcoRI and HinfI restriction enzymes, electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gels and stained with ethidium bromide. The strains were sorted into groups according to patterns. Analysis of the different restriction patterns suggests that most of the infective strains had an endogenous source, whereas the recurrences of candidosis, after antifungal therapy, could be considered as persistence or reinfection by a different strain. Our data show that horizontal transmission by strains carried by health care workers does not play an important role in the overall epidemiology of candidosis.

Histopathological evolution of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in Wistar rats.

Twenty Wistar rats were inoculated, by the intracardiac route, with 0.5 ml each of a yeast phase suspension of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Utero strain. The rats were sacrificed at regular intervals post-infection, at which time their lungs, heart, liver, spleen and kidneys were removed, fixed and stained for study. The parameters of interest for the lung specimens were: (a) extent of the lesions; (b) number of fungi; (c) presence of a lymphomononuclear halo. Extrapulmonary lesions were also sought. Until the fourth month post-infection, the lesions were progressive in nature, contained great numbers of viable fungi, and were surrounded by an important lymphomononuclear halo which tended to be confluent. At four and a half months p.i., the extent of the pulmonary lesions was reduced, the granulomas were less compact with fewer viable fungi, macrophages showed microvacuolation, and the lymphomononuclear halo was less pronounced. Extrapulmonary lesions, which were frequently identified in the first months post-infection, diminished from the seventh month onwards. The histological characteristics of extrapulmonary lesions were always the same as those found in the lungs. Infection tended to be controlled by the animals from the fourth month, but without complete resolution of the lesions.

Estudio comparativo de la patogenicidad y la antigenicidad de 6 cepas de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis / Comparative study of pathogenicity and antigenicity of six Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains

Fueron estudiadas en forma comparativa 6 cepas de P. brasiliensis con el proposito de determinar su patogenicidad para la rata y su antigenicidad. Las mismas fueron aisladas de: 1) biopsia de cuello uterino en 1989 (U), 2) biopsia de mucosa bucal en 1988 (V), 3) aspiracion osea en 1991 (63265), 4) testiculo de cobayo 1984 (C24), 5) puncion-aspiracion ganglionar en 1986 (G) y 6) cepa proveniente de la Escola Paulista de Medicina (339). Se prepararon antigenos citoplasmaticos liofilizados de cada una de ellas, en la concentracion final de 100mg/ml y se realizaron pruebas de inmunodifusion frente a 6 sueros patrones positivos de ratas....

[Comparative study of the pathogenicity and antigenicity of 6 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains]. / Estudio comparativo de la patogenicidad y la antigenicidad de 6 cepas de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

A comparative study of antigenicity and pathogenicity for rats of six Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains was carried out. The antigenic capacity "in vitro" of cytoplasmic extract from each strain was determined by immunodiffusion test against 6 serum samples obtained from rats experimentally infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, that had presented positive reactions with a metabolic control antigen. The cytoplasmic extracts were used at final concentration of 100 mg/ml. All of them showed 2 or 3 precipitation bands in this assay. One hundred twenty Wistar rats both sexes weighing approximately 200 g, were inoculated intracardiacally with suspensions of the yeast phase of different P. brasiliensis strains. Two concentrations containing 3 x 10(7) and 5 x 10(7) cells/ml of each isolate were prepared. The inoculated animals were divided in two groups, one was left to its spontaneous outcome and the percentages of deaths were registered and the other rats were sacrificed at 14, 28, 56 and 70 days post-infection. The following parameters were taken into account for evaluation: A) presence of macroscopic granulomas in lung, liver, spleen and kidney; B) presence of P. brasiliensis in microscopic exams of the same organs, in wet preparations and in histologic sections stained by H&E; C) culture of lung and D) immunodiffusion test using pre-mortem serum samples and the homologous antigen. The correlation between the most important parameters studied in each strain are summarized as follow: As no significant differences between the two inocula employed for each strain was observed, the before mention results are the average of those obtained with each inoculation doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Tratamiento de la coccidioidomicosis experimental en ratas Wistar / Experimental treatment of coccidioidomycosis in Wistar rats

Se realizó un estudio comparativo entre Itraconazol (I) y Fluconazol (F) en el tratamiento de la coccidioidomicosis experimental en ratas Wistar. Treinta animales de 250 g de peso fueron inoculados con 200 artroconidias de Coccidioides immitis por vía intercardíaca. Ambas drogas fueron administradas por gastroclisis a razón de 200 mg//kg/día durante 5 semanas a partir del 7 día post-inoculación. El grupo control recibió el solvente de las drogas. Los animales que sobrevivieron 2 semanas después de concluído el tratamiento fueron sacrificados y se le realizaron los siguientes estudios: 1) examen macroscópico (presencia de granulomas) y microscópico (presencia de esporangios) en los pulmones; 2) unidades formadoras de colonias en homogeneizado de pulmones; 3) estudio histopatológico de pulmones con H & E realizando una evaluación semi-cuantitativa contando: a) número de granulomas por campo de 50x; b) número de esporangios con esporangiosporos en cada granuloma y c) número de esporangios vacíos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el itraconazol fue más eficaz que el fluconazol en el tratamiento de este modelo experimental, en la evaluación efectuada a través de varios de los parámetros considerados: 1) se comprobaron menor cantidad de cultivos pulmonares positivos, (30 por ciento vs 100 por ciento); 2) menor número de UFC/g de pulmón (<1x10 vs 1.7x10 ); 3) menos cantidad de granulomas pulmonares en el estudio histopatológico (1/14 campos vs 1/4 campos); 4) menor cantidad de esporangios por granuloma (0 vs 33) y 5) mayor número de esporangios vacíos o alterados. Cabe señalar, sin embargo, que el fluconazol fue capaz de reducir el número de UFC/g pulmón,comparando con el grupo control

Tratamiento de la coccidioidomicosis experimental en ratas Wistar / Experimental treatment of coccidioidomycosis in Wistar rats

Se realizó un estudio comparativo entre Itraconazol (I) y Fluconazol (F) en el tratamiento de la coccidioidomicosis experimental en ratas Wistar. Treinta animales de 250 g de peso fueron inoculados con 200 artroconidias de Coccidioides immitis por vía intercardíaca. Ambas drogas fueron administradas por gastroclisis a razón de 200 mg//kg/día durante 5 semanas a partir del 7 día post-inoculación. El grupo control recibió el solvente de las drogas. Los animales que sobrevivieron 2 semanas después de concluído el tratamiento fueron sacrificados y se le realizaron los siguientes estudios: 1) examen macroscópico (presencia de granulomas) y microscópico (presencia de esporangios) en los pulmones; 2) unidades formadoras de colonias en homogeneizado de pulmones; 3) estudio histopatológico de pulmones con H & E realizando una evaluación semi-cuantitativa contando: a) número de granulomas por campo de 50x; b) número de esporangios con esporangiosporos en cada granuloma y c) número de esporangios vacíos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el itraconazol fue más eficaz que el fluconazol en el tratamiento de este modelo experimental, en la evaluación efectuada a través de varios de los parámetros considerados: 1) se comprobaron menor cantidad de cultivos pulmonares positivos, (30 por ciento vs 100 por ciento); 2) menor número de UFC/g de pulmón (<1x10 vs 1.7x10 ); 3) menos cantidad de granulomas pulmonares en el estudio histopatológico (1/14 campos vs 1/4 campos); 4) menor cantidad de esporangios por granuloma (0 vs 33) y 5) mayor número de esporangios vacíos o alterados. Cabe señalar, sin embargo, que el fluconazol fue capaz de reducir el número de UFC/g pulmón,comparando con el grupo control

Compuestos triazólicos en el tratamiento de la histoplasmosis diseminada experimental del hamster / Triazoles compound in the treatment of disseminated experimental histoplasmosis in hamsters

Se llevó a cabo un estudio comparativo de la eficacia de cuatro compuestos triazólicos en el tratamiento de la histoplasmosis experimental del hamster. Fueron utilizados en total 110 hamsters, de ambos sexos. Estos animales se inocularon por vía intracardíaca con una suspensión de la fase levaduriforme del Histoplasma capsulatum. Los tratamientos comenzaron 1 semana después de la infección y se prolongaron por 3 semanas. Todas las drogas fueron administradas por gastroclisis una vez por día, a las dosis de 8 y 16 mg/kg de peso. Tres grupos de hamsters fueron empleados como control y recibieron los solventes de los antifúngicos estudiados. Fueron administrados los siguientes triazoles: itraconazol, fluconazol, Sch 39.304 y Bay r 3783. Todos los animales se sacrificaron una semana después de terminados los tratamientos. La evaluación de los resultados se realizó en base a los siguientes criterios: 1)Aspecto macroscópico de higado y bazo, 2)examen microscópico de frotis teñidos con Giemsa de los mismos órganos, 3)cortes histológicos de bazo teñidos por el método de P.A.S.y 4)cultivos de bazo (cultivos masivos de un homogeneizado del órgano y determinación de U.F.C/g). El itraconazol y el Sch 39.304 redujeron en forma muy marcada las alteraciones macroscópicas, la positividad de los exámenes microscópicos y los cultivos. Los animales tratados con fluconazol y con Bay r 3783 a la dosis de 16 mg/kg/día, sólo mostraron escasa reducción del número de U.F.C/g de bazo, en relación a los controles. El itraconazol es una droga de probada eficacia en la histoplasmosis humana. El Sch 39.304 parece ser un antifúngico interesante en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, en especial si se tienen en cuenta sus propiedades fármaco-cinéticas distintas de las itraconazol lo que facilitaría su aplicación en otras localizaciones de la histoplasmosis diseminada

Compuestos triazólicos en el tratamiento de la histoplasmosis diseminada experimental del hamster / Triazoles compound in the treatment of disseminated experimental histoplasmosis in hamsters

Se llevó a cabo un estudio comparativo de la eficacia de cuatro compuestos triazólicos en el tratamiento de la histoplasmosis experimental del hamster. Fueron utilizados en total 110 hamsters, de ambos sexos. Estos animales se inocularon por vía intracardíaca con una suspensión de la fase levaduriforme del Histoplasma capsulatum. Los tratamientos comenzaron 1 semana después de la infección y se prolongaron por 3 semanas. Todas las drogas fueron administradas por gastroclisis una vez por día, a las dosis de 8 y 16 mg/kg de peso. Tres grupos de hamsters fueron empleados como control y recibieron los solventes de los antifúngicos estudiados. Fueron administrados los siguientes triazoles: itraconazol, fluconazol, Sch 39.304 y Bay r 3783. Todos los animales se sacrificaron una semana después de terminados los tratamientos. La evaluación de los resultados se realizó en base a los siguientes criterios: 1)Aspecto macroscópico de higado y bazo, 2)examen microscópico de frotis teñidos con Giemsa de los mismos órganos, 3)cortes histológicos de bazo teñidos por el método de P.A.S.y 4)cultivos de bazo (cultivos masivos de un homogeneizado del órgano y determinación de U.F.C/g). El itraconazol y el Sch 39.304 redujeron en forma muy marcada las alteraciones macroscópicas, la positividad de los exámenes microscópicos y los cultivos. Los animales tratados con fluconazol y con Bay r 3783 a la dosis de 16 mg/kg/día, sólo mostraron escasa reducción del número de U.F.C/g de bazo, en relación a los controles. El itraconazol es una droga de probada eficacia en la histoplasmosis humana. El Sch 39.304 parece ser un antifúngico interesante en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, en especial si se tienen en cuenta sus propiedades fármaco-cinéticas distintas de las itraconazol lo que facilitaría su aplicación en otras localizaciones de la histoplasmosis diseminada

Estudio de un modelo de candidiasis sistemica experimental en ratones rockland / Model of experimental systemic candidosis in Rockland mice

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de un modelo de candidiasis sistémica en ratones rockland. Un total de 65 animales fueron inoculados por vía intracardíaca con 7.5 x 10.5 células de C.albicans. La mitad de los animales murieron en la primera semana y el 80% habían muerto al completar la segunda semana post-infección. En los animales que sobrevivieron hasta la cuarta semana se comprobó la existencia de lesiones renales activas con cultivos positivos para C.albicans. El tratamiento con anfotericina B por vía intraperitoneal modificó el curso de la infección, ya que la totalidad de los 15 animales tratados sobrevivió cuatro semanas y 5 exhibieron cultivos renales negativos. Las pruebas de contrainmunoelectroforesis con antígeno citoplasmático de C.albicans solo dieron resultados positivos en 7/18 ratones que vivieron hasta la cuarta semana. No hubo correlación entre los resultados de estas pruebas serológicas y la gravedad de las lesiones comprobadas en la autopsia. (AU)

Estudio de la nocardiosis sistémica experimental en hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) / Study of experimental systemic nocardiosis in hamsters (mesocricetus auratus)

Se presenta el estudio de un modelo experimental de nocardiosis sistémica en hamsters adultos. Se utilizaron en total 62 animales que fueron inoculados por vía intracardíaca con 0,1 ml. de una suspensión estandarizada de nocardia asteroides. Fueron determinados los siguientes parámetros: 1) evolución espontánea de la infección experimental (curva de muerte); 2) hemocultivos; 3) examen macroscópico de todos los órganos; 4) exámenes microscópicos de extendidos teñidos por la técnica de Kinyoun de riñones, bazo, hígado, pulmones y cerebro y 5) cultivos de los órganos antes señalados en medio de Czapek líquido sin sacarosa y con tiras de papel de filtro embebidas en parafina. Pudo establecerse que esta nocardiosis experimental posee dos fases. La fase aguda tiene una alta tasa de mortalidad (solo 40% de los hamsters sobrevivió más de 10 días) y los hemocultivos fueron positivos así como los cultivos de la mayoría de los órganos examinados. Después de los 14 días de evolución la enfermedad tiende hacia la cronicidad con persistencia de lesiones activas en riñones y peritoneo. Este modelo experimental puede ser útil para evaluar la eficacia de drogas antimicrobianas sobre las fases aguda y subaguda de la nocardiosis sistémica, así como para el estudio de antígenos para las reacciones serológicas. (AU)