The relationships between work-family conflict and life satisfaction and happiness among nurses: a moderated mediation model of gratitude and self-compassion.

Background: Researchers and practitioners are concerned with the impact of work-family conflict on the well-being of workers, including those in the health care sector, and previous research suggested that nurses were experiencing a range of negative outcomes. Aim: To investigate the potentially mediating role of self-compassion and moderating role of gratitude in the relationships between work-family conflict and both life satisfaction and happiness among Saudi nurses. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 368 nurses (men age = 35.18, SD = 6.67, 70.65% of females). Nurses were recruited via social media using convenience sampling techniques. They completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire-6, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Work-Family Conflict Scale, as well as a set of demographic questions. The data were analyzed using PROCESS MACRO model 4 and 8, and the reporting followed STROBE checklist. Results: As expected, the study found a negative relationship between work-family conflict and both life satisfaction and happiness. These relationships were mediated by self-compassion. For the relationships between work-family conflict and life satisfaction and happiness, and between family-work conflict and happiness, this mediation was moderated by gratitude. Conclusion: This study built on positive psychology and demonstrated that the positive personality traits of self-compassion and gratitude can engender enhanced life satisfaction and happiness among Saudi nurses.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, short form (IGDS-SF9).

Background: In its most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the American Psychological Association recognized that internet gaming disorder is a psychological condition and provides nine criteria for its diagnosis, and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, short form (IGDS-SF9) was developed to assess individuals. Aim: To develop and investigate the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of IGDS-SF9. Method: A five-stage translation and verification process produced an Arabic version of IGDS-SF9, and a study was conducted using a sample of 410 respondents (45.6% females, mean age = 17.6, SD = 1.56) to assess its psychometric properties. Respondents completed the Arabic version, the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, as well as a demographic survey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance, item response theory, convergent, concurrent, criterion validity, and internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were employed to validate the scale. Results: The exploratory factor analysis suggested the scale's unidimensional structure; the confirmatory factor analysis exhibited good model fit and factor loadings. Measurement invariance, and concurrent, convergent, and criterion validity were established, resulting in good internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the scale. Conclusion: The Arabic version of IGDS-SF9 is a valid and reliable measure for research and diagnosis in Arabic-speaking countries.

The Relationship between the Family Environment and Eating Disorder Symptoms in a Saudi Non-Clinical Sample of Students: A Moderated Mediated Model of Automatic Thoughts and Gender.

Eating disorders are a global burden and present personal, family, and societal costs. Most evidence in the literature is based on the relationship between a poor family environment and eating disorders, and the evidence of gender interaction in eating disorders is inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family environment and eating disorder symptoms, the mediating role of negative automatic thoughts, and the moderating role of gender using a non-clinical sample of students. A sample of 440 (70.9% females, aged 18-21) participated in this study. They completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ negative), and the Brief Family Relationship Scale (BFRS). PROCESS MACRO was used to study these relationships. The main findings revealed that family environment was negatively associated with eating disorder symptoms and that this relationship was mediated by automatic thoughts. Moreover, gender moderated those relationships, and more intensely in females. The results of this study indicate that the prevention of eating disorders should be directed at training individuals to challenge negative thoughts and encourage healthy individuals to be gender mindful.

Corrigendum: The relationship between self-cohesion and smartphone addiction: the mediating role of rejection sensitivity.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166864.].

Gratitude and Life Satisfaction among Older Adults in Saudi Arabia: Social Support and Enjoyment of Life as Mediators.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction, and the mediation role of social support and enjoyment of life among older individuals. The measures employed include the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation test; the Enjoyment of Life scale; the Satisfaction with Life scale; and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. These were administered to a sample of 260 older individuals aged between 60 and 80. The main findings revealed a positive association between gratitude and life satisfaction, and social support was a partial mediator in this relationship. Although enjoyment of life was not a direct mediator in the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction, the final model indicated a significant serial pathway from gratitude to social support and then through enjoyment of life to life satisfaction. In conclusion, enhancing gratitude, promoting the enjoyment of life, and social support to older individuals might increase their life satisfaction, which in turn might contribute to their successful aging.

The relationship between self-cohesion and smartphone addiction: the mediating role of rejection sensitivity.

Background: The increasing use of smartphones with attractive applications has yielded concerns over problematic overuse, also called smartphone addiction, thus creating a need to investigate the antecedents and pathways of this addiction. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the self-cohesion dimensions of presence and consistency and smartphone addiction, and the potentially mediating role of rejection sensitivity. Methods: A total sample of 910 respondents (58% females, mean age = 34.9, SD = 13.6) participated in the study. They completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics and queries about frequency and duration of smartphone use, as well as the Self-Cohesion Scale, the Short Version of Smartphone Addiction Scale, and the Rejection Sensitivity RS-Adult Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships in question. Results: The findings indicated that smartphone addiction was positively correlated with rejection sensitivity and negatively correlated with the self-cohesion dimensions of presence and consistency. Further, both presence and consistency were negatively associated with smartphone addiction and rejection sensitivity negatively mediated these relationships. Conclusion: Self-cohesion and rejection sensitivity appear to be important predictors of smartphone addiction. Efforts to counteract smartphone addiction should, therefore, endeavor to increase smartphone users' self-cohesion and reduce their rejection sensitivity.

Deviant peer affiliation as a mediating variable in the relationship between family cohesion and adaptability and internet addiction among adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation in the relationship between family functioning, specifically family cohesion and family adaptability, and internet addiction among Saudi adolescents. A sample of 946 Saudi Arabian adolescents with a mean age of 18.5 years (SD = 3.06) was obtained using snowball sampling. Path analysis using structural equation modeling was conducted. The results indicated significant negative relationships between family cohesion and internet addiction and between deviant peer affiliation and family cohesion, and a significant positive relationship between family adaptability and internet addiction. In accordance with prior research, we found a significant positive relationship between deviant peer affiliation and internet addiction, but in terms of mediation, deviant peer affiliation mediated only the relationship between family cohesion and internet addiction. In conclusion, it is important for the effectiveness of interventions and preventive programs that aim to address deviant peer affiliation and internet addiction in adolescents to enhance the well-being of their family systems.

Adaptation and psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) in the context of Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: The growing accessibility to smartphones has raised concerns about addictive patterns associated with these technologies. A Smartphone Addiction Scale has been developed to assess individuals' smartphone addiction. However, the psychometric properties of the Smartphone Addiction Scale are scarce in the context of Saudi Arabia. AIMS: This study aimed to translate and adapt the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) to Arabic and examine the psychometric properties of the Arabic scale in the context of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Forward and backward translations were performed on the English SAS, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016). The translated version was initially administered to 20 students in a pilot study. In the full study, a sample of 624 participants (52.5% females, mean age = 25 years) responded to questionnaires containing SAS, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale. The survey was sent via online platforms in order to reach as many and diverse participants as possible. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The EFA resulted in a structure of six factors and the CFA indicated that the 6-factor model (daily disturbance, positive anticipation, withdrawal, cyberspace-oriented relationships, overuse, and tolerance) had a good fit in Saudi Arabia (CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMR = 0.04). The scale was also gender invariant and exhibited adequate reliability and convergent and concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS: The SAS is a reliable and valid measure that can be used to assess smartphone addiction in Saudi Arabia.

Emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder and psychological distress in their parents in Saudi Arabia: The moderating effect of marital relationship satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: There is a well-established association between emotional and behavioral problems in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), unmet family support needs, and psychological distress in their parents. However, no studies hypothesized a buffering effect of marital relationship satisfaction. AIM: The aim of this research was to investigate the moderating effect of marital relationship satisfaction in the associations among emotional and behavioral problems in children with ASD, unmet family support needs, and anxiety and depression of their parents in the context of Saudi Arabia. DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited parents from five rehabilitation centers for children with ASD in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected with surveys completed online. A sample of 93 parents (84% female, 4.3% were 24 or younger, 36.2% between 25 and 34 years old, 40.5% between 35 and 44, and 14.7% between 45 and 54) of children with ASD was obtained. Two models of multiple regression analysis were performed to determine the relationships. RESULTS: About 56% of the parents had anxiety symptoms and 60% had depressive symptoms. Emotional and behavioral problems of children and higher levels of unmet family support needs were associated with higher levels of anxiety in parents, and adaptive behavior of children was associated with reduced levels of depression in parents. Relationship satisfaction moderated the impact of children's emotional and behavioral problems on parental anxiety. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The study highlighted the importance of marital relationship satisfaction in buffering the negative effects of ASD-related factors of children on the psychological well-being of their parents.

Job Insecurity, Work-Related Flow, and Financial Anxiety in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic and Economic Downturn.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, every domain of industry has experienced a severe economic downturn with concomitant stress throughout the economy. Employees working in government and private sectors are experiencing different psychological problems. The current study was conducted to investigate the role of work-related flow in the relationship of job insecurity with financial anxiety in the employees working in private and government sectors of Saudi Arabia. The sample comprised 1,195 employees, 886 females, and 309 males. The participants' ages ranged from 25 to 60 years. The Financial Anxiety Scale, Work-Related Flow Inventory, and Qualitative Job Insecurity Measures were found valid and reliable. Structural equation modeling was applied to test the associations. As hypothesized, the results indicated that job insecurity was positively related to financial anxiety, work-related flow was negatively associated with financial anxiety, and work-related flow mediated the relationship between job insecurity and financial anxiety. All these associations were significant regardless of gender, age, marital status, sector of employment, income, self-rated health, and COVID-19 infection status. Further research is needed to understand the impact of job insecurity on financial anxiety in-depth through the paths of work-related flow, especially in the midst of COVID-19.

Corrigendum: Getting Through COVID-19: The Pandemic's Impact on the Psychology of Sustainability, Quality of Life, and the Global Economy - A Systematic Review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585897.].

The psychological and social impacts on personal stress for residents quarantined for COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates psychological and social moderators of anxiety, depression, and personal stress in Saudi Arabian residents quarantined for COVID-19. METHODS: Data were collected from 200 participants quarantined in Saudi Arabia using the Emotion Regulation Scale (ERQ), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Multiple regression analyses were carried out in SPSS. RESULTS: The results indicated that the overall prevalence of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and stress were 40.5%, 57.5%, and 55.5%, respectively. Cognitive reappraisal, satisfaction with life, and the social support of friends reduced depression and stress in quarantine. Additionally, females were more likely to be anxious but less likely to be depressed, while older residents generally experienced fewer anxiety and depression symptoms. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that residents in quarantine, especially younger people, experienced high levels of anxiety and depression. Therefore, continuous psychological monitoring and mental health support may need to be integrated into health care during pandemics.

Social Support as a Protective Factor for the Well-Being of Parents of Children with Autism in Saudi Arabia.

PURPOSE: Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience higher levels of stress and impaired life satisfaction as a result of their children's behavior. The well-acknowledged protective role of social support against stress has not been studied in detail with regard to parents of children with ASD in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of social support as a mediator and/or a moderator between parental stress and life satisfaction among parents of children with ASD in KSA. DESIGN AND METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among centers that care for children with autism in KSA. The survey encompassed four dimensions: demographic data, family stress and coping, parenting life satisfaction, and perceived social support. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the moderating and/or mediating effect of social support. RESULTS: The analysis of 131 parents indicated that perceived family and parental stress was associated with life satisfaction levels, and this relationship was approximately 0.19 points lower when mediated by social support (ß = -0.19, 95% CI [-0.34, -0.05], p = .02). Social support moderated the relationship between family stress and life satisfaction, which was significant at low (p = .002) and average levels of stress (p = .017) but not at high levels of stress. CONCLUSION: Social support is protective for parents of children with ASD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Social support, including the use of social media groups, should be considered in supporting stressed parents of children with ASD. Therefore, the protective role of social support should be highlighted to healthcare professionals.

Getting Through COVID-19: The Pandemic's Impact on the Psychology of Sustainability, Quality of Life, and the Global Economy - A Systematic Review.

The COVID-19 pandemic may affect the world severely in terms of quality of life, political, environmental, and economic sustainable development, and the global economy. Its impact is attested to by the number of research studies on it. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the psychology of sustainability (quality of life), on sustainable development, and on the global economy. A computerized literature search was performed, and journal articles from authentic sources were extracted, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Emerald Insight. The references in selected articles were screened to identify any relevant studies. The following inclusion criteria were followed: research articles based on the COVID-19 pandemic, and articles, research papers, journals, and news articles published 2010 to 2020. The exclusion criteria were as follow: psychology research, articles, and journals published before 2010 and research articles having no link with the current pandemic's impact on the psychology of sustainability, quality of life, and the global economy. Of the initial 350 articles identified, only 61 studies were found to be relevant and meet the inclusion criteria. Based on these articles, the review highlights that compared to developed countries, the developing nations and poor nations such as African countries with compromised health structures have been greatly affected. There are close associations between health, economic, environmental, and political issues globally. The pandemic can be managed if we follow new policies that implement economic and public health changes worldwide. A planned, coordinated approach between the public-private sector is required, designed according to each country's health system and economy. We can come out of this crisis if we work together and support both developed and developing nations.

The relationship between perception of control and mood: The intervening effect of cultural values in a Saudi Arabian sample.

The relationship between the constructs of perceived control and symptoms of mood disorders has been demonstrated. The current study evaluates cultural values both as an individual difference moderating variable and as one of the mechanisms through which the association between perceived control and mood disturbances may operate. The hypotheses were examined with a sample of 615 participants recruited in Saudi Arabia. Participants completed measures of perceived control, individualism and collectivism, and symptoms of depression and bipolar disorder. In general, the results supported a model in which higher levels of perceived control promote a less symptomatic mood state. In most cases, cultural values positively mediated the relationship between perceived control and mood disturbance with lower symptom levels predicted. However, when the components of perceived control were examined separately, high perceived mastery together with highly individualistic values predicted higher levels of bipolar symptoms. In this sample, there was less evidence of cultural values moderating the control-mood disturbance relationship. Only one moderator relationship was identified, which showed low control linking to higher symptom levels only in those who disagreed with individualistic values. Overall, our data are in agreement with the notion that pre-existing cultural values have an important effect on mood disorder symptoms.

Social support as a mediator variable of the relationship between depression and life satisfaction in a sample of Saudi caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The authors would like to apologise for an error made in the acknowledgement of the above mentioned article. In the acknowledgement section of the article, paragraph 'This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant no. (G-282/ 724246/1436). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support'. Should read: This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant no. (G-282-246-36). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR for technical and financial support'.

Social support as a mediator variable of the relationship between depression and life satisfaction in a sample of Saudi caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Caring for someone with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is very challenging. Social support may play a crucial role in helping caregivers to adapt better to their caregiving role. The aim of this study is to explore the role of social support as a moderator variable of the relationship between depression and life satisfaction in caregivers for patients with AD in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 122 caregivers for patients with AD completed questionnaires assessing informal social support, depressive symptoms, and general life satisfaction. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics showed that 79% (n = 96) of caregivers were females and between the ages of 20 and 50. Higher levels of social support positively correlated with reported higher levels of life satisfaction (r = 0.483, p < 0.001). Depression was negatively correlated with social support (r = -0.418, p < 0.001) and life satisfaction scores (r = -0.553, p = < 0.001). Social support was found to be a partial mediator variable, mediating approximately 23.05% of the total effect of depression on life satisfaction (Sobel = -3.065, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Informal social support can act as a mediator variable in the relationship of depression and life satisfaction in caregivers of AD patients. Improving the informal social support networks may help in coping with caregiving burden and better quality of life.

Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in a Non-Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

This paper examined the reliability, convergent validity and factor structure of the self-report Screen for Child Anxiety Disorders (SCARED; Birmaher et al. in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:545-553, 1997) in a large community sample of children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire showed moderate to high internal consistency and satisfactory test-retest reliability over a 2 week period. In addition, there were significant positive correlations between reported anxiety symptoms with parent report behavioural difficulties. The five factor structure model of the SCARED also had a good model fit in this population. The results showed that self-report anxiety symptoms decreased with age (for boys and not girls) and were higher in adolescent girls. The results suggest that the SCARED could be useful in this population to identify individuals who are at risk of developing anxiety disorders in childhood with a view to implementing prevention and intervention methods to ensure positive developmental outcome over time.

Emotional and behavioural difficulties in children referred for learning disabilities from two Arab countries: A cross-cultural examination of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a widely used child mental health questionnaire with five hypothesized subscales. There is theoretical and preliminary empirical support for combining the SDQ's hypothesized emotional and peer subscales into an 'internalizing' subscale and the hypothesized behavioural and hyperactivity subscales into an 'externalizing' subscale (alongside the fifth prosocial subscale). We examined both structures using the teacher informant version data from two Arab countries, namely Saudi Arabia (323) and Oman (439). Multigroup CFAs based on structural equation modelling revealed culture invariance for the SDQ. The three-factor model showed a better description of the SDQ structure. The analysis also revealed gender invariance for the SDQ three and five factor models in both the Omani and Saudi samples. There were gender differences in all the three and five factors between the Saudi and Omani samples.