Deceased donor kidney transplant policies in Asia - implications on practice and recommendations for the future.

Deceased donor kidney transplantation (DDKT) is common in high income Western countries with high transplantation rates. However, the utilization of deceased organs is suboptimal in Asia, due to a multitude of factors. Coherent policies are integral to the development of DDKT programs and deterrence of commercialization, but most are still at an infancy and formative stage in Asia. This review article identifies the glass ceiling effects of social, cultural, religious, political, and technical factors hampering the progress of DDKT in Asia. Additionally, it reviews the history of policy development in different countries and describes their idiosyncratic barriers and challenges. Lastly, it discusses innovative policy measures that can be undertaken to proliferate DDKT practice and curtail commercialization. The long-term ideal is to achieve regional equity and self-sufficiency, through a shared ethos of social and ethical responsibility that transcends and resonates with the different segments of the Asian community.

Clinical and biochemical determinants of length of stay, readmission and recurrence in patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) related admissions poses a significant burden on the healthcare systems globally. However, data regarding the predictors of healthcare resource utilization in DKA is limited and inconsistent. This study aimed to identify key predictors of hospital length of stay (LOS), readmission and recurrent DKA episodes. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all DKA admissions from 2015 to 2021 across four hospitals in Qatar. The primary outcomes were the length of stay (LOS), 90-day readmission and 6-month and 1-year DKA recurrence. RESULTS: We included 922 patients with a median age of 35 years (25-45). 62% were males with type-1 diabetes-mellitus (T1DM) and type-2 DM (T2DM), present in 52% and 48% of patients. The median LOS was 2.6 days (IQR 1.1-4.8), and the median DKA resolution time was 18 h (10.5-29). Male-gender, new-onset DM, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), lower haemoglobin, sodium and potassium, higher urea, longer DKA duration and MICU admission predicted a longer LOS in a multivariate regression analysis. None of the factors were significantly associated with 90-day readmission. Patients with pre-existing T1DM were more likely to have a six-month DKA recurrence than pre-existing T2DM. Patients with a 6-month DKA recurrence, female gender and T1DM had higher odds of 12-month recurrence, whereas a consult with a diabetes educator at the index admission was associated with decreased odds of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This is the most extensive study from the Middle-East region reporting on LOS, readmissions and the recurrence of DKA. Results from this study with a diverse population may be valuable for physicians and healthcare systems to decrease the diabetes-related healthcare burden in DKA patients.

Experience of treating Candida auris cases at a general hospital in the state of Qatar.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: So far there have been no studies on Candida auris in Qatar. This study aimed to describe the clinical spectrum and outcome of C. auris infection in patients admitted to a general hospital in Qatar. METHODS: We conducted this descriptive observational study in a general hospital in Qatar. We have involved all patients with C. auris infection and colonization admitted to a general hospital from December 2018 to August 2019. RESULTS: We identified 13 patients with confirmed C.auris infection/colonization, of which five cases represented an actual C. auris infection, while the remaining eight cases were considered as colonization. The mean age of the patients with infection was 76.6 ± 8.4 years, while the mean age of the patients with colonization was 66.4 ± 24.7 years. Among the individuals clinically infected with C. auris, two had urinary tract infections, one had candidemia, one acquired soft tissue infection, and one had a lower respiratory tract infection. All strains of C. auris were susceptible to echinocandins, flucytosine, and posaconazole while resistance to fluconazole and amphotericin B. Of the patients with C. auris infection who received systemic antifungal therapy, three (60%) died during antifungal therapy. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that C. auris can cause a wide variety of invasive infections, including bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection, skin infection, and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in critically ill patients. In addition, our isolates showed resistance to the most common antifungal agents such as fluconazole and amphotericin B.

Restructuring nephrology services to combat COVID-19 pandemic: Report from a Middle Eastern country.

Coronavirus disease 2019 has spread across the world and has been classified as a pandemic. It has overwhelmed the healthcare systems. Specifically, it has overstretched the intensive care units and renal replacement therapy services in many countries. In this paper, we discuss the reconfiguration of nephrology services in the State of Qatar during the current pandemic. We highlight the key strategies that have been implemented to ensure that renal replacement therapy capacity is not constrained in either the intensive care or ambulatory setting. Some innovative approaches for the safe delivery of ambulatory care to dialysis and kidney transplant patients are also discussed.

Prevalence, clinical manifestations, and biochemical data of type 2 diabetes mellitus versus nondiabetic symptomatic patients with COVID-19: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of data regarding the effect of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated comorbidities on the clinical presentation and outcome of symptomatic patients with -COVID-19 infection in comparison with non-diabetic patients. AIM OF THE STUDY: We described and compared the clinical presentation and radiological and hematological data of a cohort of symptomatic COVID19 positive T2DM diabetic patients (n = 59) versus another cohort of non-diabetic symptomatic COVID19 positive patients (n =244) diagnosed at the same time from January 2020 to May 2020. Associated comorbidities were -assessed, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated. The outcomes including duration of hospitalization, duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and duration of O2 -supplementation were assessed. RESULTS: Prevalence of T2DM in symptomatic COVID19 positive patients was 59/303 (=19.5%).  Diabetic patients had higher prevalence of hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiac dysfunction [coronary heart disease (CHD)], and congestive heart failure (CHF). Charlson Comorbidity score was significantly higher in the T2DM patients (2.4± 1.6) versus the non-diabetic -patients (0.28 ± 0.8; p: < 0.001). Clinically and radiologically, T2DM patients had significantly higher percentage of pneumonia, severe pneumonia and ARDS versus the non-diabetic patients. Hematologically, diabetic patients had significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP), higher absolute neutrophilic count (ANC) and lower counts of lymphocytes and eosinophils compared to non-diabetic patients. They had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, longer duration of hospitalization, ICU stay, mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. CRP was correlated significantly with the duration of stay in the ICU and the duration for oxygen supplementation (r = 0.37 and 0.42 respectively; p: <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM patients showed higher inflammatory response to COVID 19 with higher absolute neutrophilic count (ANC) and CRP with lower lymphocytic and eosinophilic counts. Diabetic patients had more comorbidities and more aggressive course of the disease with higher rate of ICU admission and longer need for hospitalization and oxygen use.

Assessment of the attitude, awareness and practice of periprocedural warfarin management among health care professional in Qatar. A cross sectional survey.

It is estimated that 10-15% of oral anticoagulant (OAC) patients, would need to hold their OAC for scheduled surgery. Especially for warfarin, this process is complex and requires multi-layer risk assessment and decisions across different specialties. Clinical guidelines deliver broad recommendations in the area of warfarin management before surgery which can lead to different trends and practices among practitioners. To evaluate the current attitude, awareness, and practice among health care providers (HCPs) on warfarin periprocedural management. A multiple-choice questionnaire was developed, containing questions on demographics and professional information and was completed by187 HCPs involved in warfarin periprocedural management. The awareness median (IQR) score was moderate [64.28% (21.43)]. The level of awareness was associated with the practitioner's specialty and degree of education (P = 0.009, 0.011 respectively). Practice leans to overestimate the need for warfarin discontinuation as well as the need for bridging. Participants expressed interest in using genetic tests to guide periprocedural warfarin management [median (IQR) score (out of 10) = 7 (5)]. In conclusion, the survey presented a wide variation in the clinical practice of warfarin periprocedural management. This study highlights that HCPs in Qatar have moderate awareness. We suggest tailoring an educational campaign or courses towards the identified gaps.

Use of Pamidronate to Treat Hypercalcemia in an Oncology Dialysis Patient: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Hypercalcemia is a common complication in the intensive care unit (ICU). It can be a result of diverse etiologies, such as malignancy. In this case, bisphosphonates can serve as an effective therapeutic option. However, bisphosphonates are not safe to use in patients with end stage renal disease. CASE REPORT We report a case of severe hypercalcemia possibly secondary to bone metastasis. The patient is known to have end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and undergoing dialysis 3 times a week. She had severe persistent hypercalcemia which did not resolve with regular measures or calcitonin. The literature was searched for the possibility of administering bisphosphonate as a treatment option. It was found that pamidronate pharmacokinetics can be safe and effective in end-stage renal disease patients. Therefore, Pamidronate was administered, showing effective results with regards to the level of calcium and no observed adverse effects. Re-dosing was required at an 8-week interval, with no adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Pamidronate is a safe option to use in treating hypercalcemia in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis. This can be especially beneficial in patients with sustained hypercalcemia secondary to malignancy.

Spontaneous perirenal haemorrhage in polyarteritis nodosa.

Patients presenting with flank pain are likely to have urological pathology but when features of hypotension are present high index of suspicion is needed to reach the cause such as perirenal haemorrhage. Spontaneous perirenal haemorrhage (SPH) is an uncommon presentation of vasculitis, autoimmune disease or malignancy. It is common in males in the age group between 30 and 60 years. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is one of the commonest vascular diseases associated with SPH. Angiography adds valuable information to the diagnosis and management and can prevent unnecessary nephrectomy. We report a case of SPH that was successfully managed with angioembolization.

Bilateral renal hemorrhage due to polyarteritis nodosa wrongly attributed to blunt trauma.

BACKGROUND: A 36-year-old, previously healthy man presented to an accident and emergency department with right-sided abdominal pain 7 days after he sustained a trauma to his right flank. He was using no medication other than over-the-counter analgesics since his injury. INVESTIGATIONS: Complete blood count, serum creatinine measurement, liver function tests, hepatitis B and C screening, abdominal CT, renal angiography, surgical exploration and histology of kidney samples. DIAGNOSIS: Polyarteritis nodosa with Page kidney causing bilateral perirenal hematoma, severe hypertension and renal failure. MANAGEMENT: The patient was severely anemic, and his bleeding was investigated. A 15 x 13 x 12 cm retroperitoneal hematoma was found in the region of the right kidney and the patient underwent unilateral right nephrectomy. 3 weeks after discharge the patient was readmitted with a left-sided perirenal hematoma. Steel-coil embolization of the kidney stopped the bleeding but the patient developed hypertension and renal failure, and antihypertensive agents and dialysis were started. Microaneurysms and vessel-wall necrosis were discovered on re-examination of the angiogram and histology, respectively, so immunosuppressive therapy was started, comprising intravenous methylprednisolone daily for 3 days and oral prednisolone and intravenous cyclophosphamide for 4 weeks. Page kidney, resulting from the bleeding into the solitary kidney, caused stretching of the renal artery and deterioration of renal function, which required hemodialysis treatment.