Chitosan and Grifola Frondosa nanoparticles insulate liver dysfunction in EAC-bearing mice.

Background: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) is a rapidly growing and undifferentiated tumor that can prompt oxidative stress and liver toxicity, whereas chitosan and Grifola Frondosa have widely recognized biological qualities. Therefore, our study designed to assess the potential ameliorative ability of chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) and Grifola Frondosa nanoparticles (GF-loaded casein NPs) on EAC-induced hepatic injury in mice. Methods: A total of 60 female albino mice were segregated into 6 groups (10 mice each), G1, control group; G2, CS NPs group; G3, GF-loaded casein NPs group; G4, EAC group; G5, EAC treated with CS NPs; G6, EAC treated with GF-loaded casein NPs. Results: According to the findings, EAC considerably increased serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP as well as LDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels coincided with marked decrease in albumin and total protein content in liver tissue. At the same time, it drastically lowered GSH levels and catalase activity while significantly elevating MDA levels. In addition, EAC caused DNA damage and apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 while increasing p53 expressions. However, either CS NPs or GF-loaded casein NPs therapy improved liver architecture and functioning, increased antioxidant parameters, and prevented hepatocyte death in EAC mice. Conclusions: Our findings concluded that CS NPs and GF-loaded casein NPs have insulating functions against EAC-induced hepatic damage in mice.

Impact of Saussurea lappa against foodborne parasite Trichinella spiralis experimental infections induced variation in DNA damage, oxidative stress and PCNA expression in rat skeletal muscles.

Trichinellosis is a parasite zoonosis that is spread through ingesting raw or undercooked meat that contains the Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infective larvae. It has three clinical phases: intestinal, migratory, and muscular. Kuth root, also known as Costus (Saussurea lappa) roots, is used in many traditional medical systems all over the world to treat a variety of illnesses, such as dyspepsia, diarrhoea, vomiting, and inflammation. Current study assessed the therapeutic Potential of costus roots extract (CRE) treatment on experimental trichinellosis induce changes in DNA damage, oxidative stress and Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in muscle fibers in male rats. A total of 60 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups (Gps) [Gp1, Negative control; Gp2, Costus (CRE); Gp3, Positive control or Infected rats with T. spiralis, Gp4; Pre-treated infection with CRE; Gp5 & Gp6, Post treated infection with CRE for one and two weeks respectively]. Current results revealed that; Trichinella spiralis experimentally infection induced significant elevation in tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA damage, PCNA expression and significant depletion in tissue glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Cat) activities. Pre or/and post CRE treated infected rats with T. spiralis (Gp4-Gp6) induced improvements and depletion in DNA damage, PCNA expression, MDA and elevation in GSH, SOD, catalase as compared to infected rats with T. spiralis (Gp3) with best results for the pretreatments (Gp4). Trichinella spiralis experimental infection induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscles and treatments with costus roots extract modulates these changes.

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma provokes renal toxicity and DNA injury in mice: Therapeutic impact of chitosan and maitake nanoparticles.

In this study, the impact of chitosan (CS) and maitake (GF) nanoparticles towards the renal toxicity induced by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in vivo model was conducted. Besides benchmark negative control group, EAC model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of 2.5 × 106 cells. Alongside positive control, two groups of EAC-bearing mice received 100 mg/kg of CS and GF nanoparticles/body weight daily for 14 days. The kidney function was conducted by measuring urea, creatinine, ions, (anti)/oxidative parameters and DNA damage. Also, measuring immunoreactivity of P53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and apoptosis protein. The outcomes illustrated notable kidney toxicity, which indicated by elevations in urea, creatinine, oxidative stress, DNA damage and induction of apoptosis. These events were supported by the drastic alteration in kidney structure through histological examination. Administration of CS and GF nanoparticles was able to enhance the antioxidant power, which further reduced oxidative damage, DNA injury, and apoptosis. These results indicated the protective and therapeutic role of biogenic chitosan and maitake nanoparticles against nephrotoxicity.

The potential curative role of Avena sativa extract against oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis induced by acute hepatotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in rats.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs or nanosilver) have pulled in expanding interest because of their novel physical, substance, and organic properties contrasted with their full scale scaled partners. The goal of this study was to investigate if Avena sativa (AVS) extract could ameliorate Ag NPs toxicity-induced alterations in liver structure and function, DNA damage, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Twenty adult male rats were assigned randomly to four groups: control, AVS (intragastrically, 5 g/Kg body weight/day) for 2 weeks, Ag NPs (400 mg/kg body weight/day) for 1 week as acute toxicity and Ag NPs + AVS (same therapy of Ag NPs as acute toxicity with AVS). This study demonstrated a statistical significant increase in serum levels of liver function tests (AST, ALT, ALP and globulin), liver DNA damage, apoptotic P53 and Malondialdehyde after Ag NPs administration when compared to control group. Conversely, statistical significant decreases were detected in serum albumin, total proteins, liver reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 in Ag NPs group as compared to control group. Interestingly, treatment of Ag NPs with AVS (Ag Nps + AVS) was associated with significant improvements of the studied parameters, liver structure and functions. Avena sativa (AVS) extract could scavenge free radicals producing beneficial effects against acute Ag NPs hepatotoxicity in rats induced through activation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Physiological and biochemical changes after boldenone injection in adult rabbits.

Boldenone (BOL) is an androgenic steroid that improves the growth and food conversion in food-producing animals. In most countries worldwide, this anabolic steroid is forbidden for human uses and meat production as it was developed for veterinary use. Recently, BOL is used by bodybuilders in both off season and pre-contest, where it is well known for increasing vascularity while preparing for a bodybuilding contest. The present study was designed to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes in rabbits after injection with the growth promoter BOL. A total of 32 adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups, where the control group includes animals that were injected intramuscularly with olive oil and dissected after 3 weeks. The remaining three experimental groups included animals that received one, two and three intramuscular injections of 5 mg/kg body weight BOL, respectively, and were dissected after 3, 6 and 9 weeks, respectively. The animals from practice appeared healthy and did not show clinical signs of disease and none of the rabbits died during the experimental period. Serum total protein, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, asparate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were significantly increased while serum direct bilirubin, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after one, two and three intramuscular injections of BOL as compared to their relative values in the control group. These findings explain the common phenomena in athletes and bodybuilders who suffer from infertility, renal and hepatic alterations following injection with some drugs as steroids (BOL) to build muscles.

Light and ultrastructural study in the propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rat heart ventricles and the ameliorating role of folic acid.

Thyroid hormones have marked effects on the growth, development, and metabolic function of virtually all organs and tissues. Thyroid status is an important determinant of cardiovascular function. The present work studied the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the hypothyroid rat left ventricle at post-pubertal stage, in addition to the ameliorating role of folic acid. A total of 50 male albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (group I, control; group II, folic acid; group III, propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rats; group IV, co-treatment with folic acid; group V, post-treatment). In order to ensure the hypothyroid state, the level of serum triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) through the dose period was regularly determined. The TSH levels were significantly higher while T(3) levels were significantly lower in hypothyroid rats when compared to control group. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed an increase in homocysteine (Hcy) in the hypothyroid rats group when compared to the control group. The histopathological studies of the ventricle in hypothyroid rats revealed hydrophobic changes in myofibrillar structure with striations, myocardial atrophy, nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and cytoplasmic eosinophilia. Transmission electron micrographs in the myocardium of hypothyroid rats revealed a marked reduction in muscle fibre mass, a marked degeneration of muscle fibres, swollen mitochondria, dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum and more prominent perinuclear oedema observed in the cardiac myocytes. In co-treated hypothyroid rats with folic acid, a regular arrangement of muscle fibres, mild swelling of myofibrillar structure with striations and no continuity with adjacent myofibrils were observed while the post-treated hypothyroid rat with folic acid showed normal architecture of myofibrillar structure with striations and continuity with adjacent myofibrils. In conclusion, our results indicated that folic acid had ameliorative effect against cardiac damage induced by 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil and the best results were found in case of using the folic acid as an adjuvant therapy after returning to the euthyroid state.