Data Dissemination in VANETs Using Particle Swarm Optimization.

A vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a type of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) that uses wireless routers inside each vehicle to act as a node. The need for effective solutions to urban traffic congestion issues has increased recently due to the growing number of automobile connections in the car communications system. To ensure a high level of service and avoid unsafe situations brought on by congestion or a broadcast storm, data dissemination in a VANET network requires an effective approach. Effective multi-objective optimization methods are required to tackle this because of the implied competing nature of multi-metric approaches. A meta-heuristic technique with a high level of solution interactions can handle efficient optimization. To accomplish this, a meta-heuristic search algorithm particle optimization was chosen. In this paper, we have created a network consisting of vehicles as nodes. The aim is to send emergency messages immediately to the stationary nodes. The normal messages will be sent to the FIFO queue. To send these messages to a destination node, multiple routes were found using Time delay-based Multipath Routing (TMR) method, and to find the optimal and secure path Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used. Our method is compared with different optimization methods such as Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Firefly Optimization (FFO), and Enhanced Flying Ant Colony Optimization (EFACO). Significant improvements in terms of throughput and packet loss ratio, reduced end-to-end delay, rounding overhead ratio, and the energy consumption are revealed by the experimental results.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm.

In this paper, we examine routing protocols with the shortest path in sensor networks. In doing this, we propose a genetic algorithm (GA)-based Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocol (GA-AOMDV). We utilize a fitness function that optimizes routes based on the energy consumption in their nodes. We compare this algorithm with other existing ad hoc routing protocols including LEACH-GA, GA-AODV, AODV, DSR, EPAR, EBAR_BFS. Results prove that our protocol enhances the network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, round trip time and energy consumption. GA-AOMDV protocol achieves average gain that is 7 to 22% over other protocols. Therefore, our protocol extends the network lifetime for data communications.

Intelligent Transport System Using Time Delay-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks.

During the last decade, the research on Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has improved exponentially in real-life scenarios to provide optimized transport network performance. It is a matter of importance that alert messages are delivered promptly to prevent vehicular traffic problems. The fact is an ITS system per se could be a part of a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) which is an extension of a wireless network. In all sorts of wireless ad hoc networks, the network topology is subjected to change due to the mobility of network nodes; therefore, an existing explored route between two nodes could be demolished in a minor fraction of time. When it comes to the VANETs, the topology likely changes due to the high velocity of nodes. On the other hand, time is a crucial factor playing an important role in message handling between the network's nodes. In this paper, we propose Time delay-based Multipath Routing (TMR) protocol that effectively identifies an optimized path for packet delivery to the destination vehicle with a minimal time delay. Our algorithm gives a higher priority to alert messages compared to normal messages. It also selects the routes with the short round-trip time (RTT) within the RTT threshold. As a result, our algorithm would realize two goals. Firstly, it would speed up the data transmission rate and deliver data packets, particularly warning messages, to the destination vehicle promptly and therefore avoid vehicular problems such as car accidents. Secondly, the TMR algorithm reduces the data traffic load, particularly of the normal messages, to alleviate the pressure on the network and therefore avoids network congestion and data collisions. This, in turn, lessens the packets' retransmissions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol, the TMR has been compared with the other protocols such as AOMDV, FF-AOMDV, EGSR, QMR, and ISR. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol proves its excellent performance compared to other protocols.

BLOODR: blood donor and requester mobile application.

BACKGROUND: With rapid increase in the usage of social networks sites across the world, there is also a steady increase in blood donation requests as being noticed in the number of posts on these sites such as Facebook and twitter seeking blood donors. Finding blood donor is a challenging issue in almost every country. There are some blood donor finder applications in the market such as Blood app by Red Cross and Blood Donor Finder application by Neologix. However, more reliable applications that meet the needs of users are prompted. METHODS: Several software technologies including languages and framework are used to develop our blood-donor web application known as BLOODR application. These technologies comprise Ruby programming language (simply known as Ruby) along with JavaScript and PostgreSQL for database are used. Ruby on Rails (simply known as Rails) is an open source Web framework that makes it possible to quickly and easily create data-based web applications. RESULTS: We show screenshots for the BLOODR application for different types of users including requester, donor, and administrator. Various features of the application are described and their needs of use are analyzed. If a patient needs a blood at a clinic, blood donors in vicinity can be contacted through using a clinic management service provided in this application. Registered donors will get notification for the blood requests only if their blood group is compatible with the requested blood type and in the same city/region. Then matching blood donors can go to the requesting clinic and donate. CONCLUSIONS: BLOODR application provides a reliable platform to connect local blood donors with patients. BLOODR creates a communication channel through authenticated clinics whenever a patient needs blood donation. It is a useful tool to find compatible blood donors who can receive blood request posts in their local area. Clinics can use this web application to maintain the blood donation activity. Future improvement of the BLOODR is explained.

Effect of H-wave polarization on laser radar detection of partially convex targets in random media.

A study on the performance of laser radar cross section (LRCS) of conducting targets with large sizes is investigated numerically in free space and random media. The LRCS is calculated using a boundary value method with beam wave incidence and H-wave polarization. Considered are those elements that contribute to the LRCS problem including random medium strength, target configuration, and beam width. The effect of the creeping waves, stimulated by H-polarization, on the LRCS behavior is manifested. Targets taking large sizes of up to five wavelengths are sufficiently larger than the beam width and are sufficient for considering fairly complex targets. Scatterers are assumed to have analytical partially convex contours with inflection points.

Laser backscattered from partially convex targets of large sizes in random media for E-wave polarization.

The characteristics of a radar cross section (RCS) of partially convex targets with large sizes up to five wavelengths in free space and random media are studied. The nature of the incident wave is an important factor in remote sensing and radar detection applications. I investigate the effects of beam wave incidence on the performance of RCS, drawing on the method I used in a previous study on plane-wave incidence. A beam wave can be considered a plane wave if the target size is smaller than the beam width. Therefore, to have a beam wave with a limited spot on the target, the target size should be larger than the beam width (assuming E-wave incidence wave polarization. The effects of the target configuration, random medium parameters, and the beam width on the laser RCS and the enhancement in the radar cross section are numerically analyzed, resulting in the possibility of having some sort of control over radar detection using beam wave incidence.