Enhancing Florida red tilapia aquaculture: biofloc optimization improves water quality, pathogen bacterial control, fish health, immune response, and organ histopathology across varied groundwater salinities.

Freshwater scarcity poses challenges to aquaculture worldwide, including countries like Egypt. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of integrating underground saline water (USW) with varying salinities into a Biofloc (BFT) system for desert mariculture of Florida red tilapia (FRT) and its impacts on water quality, fish performance and health. Four BFT treatments (C/N ratio = 15) were examined in triplicate using four salinity levels 0 ppt, 12 ppt, 24 ppt and 36 ppt, expressed as S0, S12, S24 and S36, respectively. For 75 days, a total of 12 fiberglass tanks (each 250 L-1 water) were used to store FRT fry (average weight of 1.73 ± 0.01 g/fish). The fish were fed an experimental diet (protein/fat = 30/5) and an additional carbon source of rice bran. The results revealed that group S12 showed better growth indicators, higher survival rate, lower FCR, and lower ammonia levels, while group S0 exhibited lower growth indicators (final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate) than all groups. The serum kidney, liver, and antioxidant indices performed better in the S12 group. At 12 ppt, the immune-related parameter (IgM) increased by 22.5%, while the stress parameter (cortisol) decreased by 40.8% compared to the S0 group. The liver and intestinal histopathological results revealed that the S12 and S24 groups performed better. Pathogenic bacterial load counts favored the S24 group, which had the lowest number among the groups studied. The recommended salinity for FRT cultivation in USW and BFT is 19.94-20 ppt, determined by polynomial regression of FW and FCR.

Bentonite-supplemented diets improved fish performance ammonia excretion haemato-biochemical analyses immunity antioxidants and histological characteristics of European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax.

The purpose of this research was to examine the potential effects of bentonite (BN) supplemented diets on growth, feed utilization, blood biochemistry, and histomorphology of Dicentrarchus labrax. Six treatments in triplicate were tested: B0, B0.5, B1.0, B1.5, B3.0, and B4.5, which represented fish groups fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, and 4.5% BN, respectively. For 84 days, juveniles' seabass (initial weight = 32.73 g) were fed diets containing 46% protein, three times daily at 3% of body weight. With a 5% daily water exchange, underground seawater (32 ppt) was used. Findings revealed significant improvements in water quality (TAN and NH3), growth (FW, WG and SGR) and feed utilization (FCR, PER and PPV) in fish fed BN-supplemented diets, with the best values in favor of the B1.5 group. Additional enhancements in kidney function indicators (urea and uric acid) and liver enzymes were observed in fish of the BN-treated groups along with a decrease in cholesterol level in the B1.5 group. Further improvements in fish innate immunity (hemoglobin, red blood cells, glucose, total protein, globulin, and immunoglobulin IgM), antioxidant activity (total antioxidative capacity and catalase), and decreased cortisol levels in fish of the BN-treated groups. Histological examinations of the anterior and posterior intestines and liver in groups B1.5 and B3 revealed the healthiest organs. This study recommends BN at a concentration of 1.5% as a feed additive in the Dicentrarchus labrax diet.

Dietary Wood and Activated Charcoal Improved Ammonium Removal, Heavy Metals Detoxification, Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Carcass Traits, and Histopathology of European Seabass.

A 120-day growth trial was completed to assess rearing water quality and fish performance in terms of growth, feed efficacy, digestive enzymes, immunity, and antioxidant activity of seabass fed an experimental diet (ED) supplemented with commercial wood charcoal (WC) and activated wood charcoal (AC). Three levels (0, 10, and 20 g) of WC and AC were administered, representing five treatments: control (CD) fish-fed ED without additives, (WC-1) fish-fed ED containing 10 g kg-1 WC, (WC-2) fish-fed ED containing 20 g kg-1 WC, (AC-1) fish-fed ED containing 10 g kg-1 AC, and (AC-2) fish-fed ED containing 20 g kg-1 AC. Three hundred fish (60.12 ± 0.20 g/fish) were stocked in 15 cement tanks (4.0 m × 2.0 m × 1.2 m, water volume 5 m3 each) at 20 fish/tank and a daily feed ration of 3% of body weight. Results revealed significant improvements with increased growth variables (final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate), decreased FCR, and decreased ammonia levels and heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn) content in rearing water, muscle, and liver with fish fed WC and AC supplemented diets. Furthermore, considerable improvements in digestive enzymes, immunity, and antioxidant activity, with enhanced kidneys, liver, intestines, gills, and spleen. Fish fed the WC-1 diet had a higher final weight (171.90 g), better FCR (1.25), and improved internal organs than the other groups.