The terminal period findings of late-diagnosed fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an autosomal dominant rare disease characterized by foot deformities and concomitant heterotopic ossifications. Theoretically, in the absence of early diagnosis and medication, the patient's outcome will be poor. The patients are usually diagnosed at an early age. Hence, encountering a non-treated and terminal-period patient is rare. Our case was unique because it showed the clinical picture and atypical radiological distribution of a 20-year-old, terminally ill untreated female patient. She had hallux valgus, heterotopic ossifications and multiple osteochondromas that were detected in the right clavicula, the posterior arch of the 9th rib, the bilateral tibia and fibula. Atypically, heterotopic ossifications were not present in the soft tissues of the neck. Hand deformity, cardiac anomaly, or mental retardation was not observed. It was a sporadic case. The presentation with neurological symptoms was also atypical.

The Retrograde Left Atrial Tumour Embolism In Thepatient With Metastatic Extremity Chondrosarcoma.

A 34 years old male, labourer by occupation was brought to our trauma centre in an inebriated state with a history of fall from a height of approximately 10 feet. He complained of pain in the right elbow. A complete examination of the affected upper limb revealed an ipsilateral anterior shoulder dislocation and a posterior elbow dislocation with no other concomitant injuries. Both the dislocations were reduced conservatively and the patient was successfully managed. The patient is absolutely fine now, 6 months post his dislocation and has resumed back to his work. This case has been presented to highlight the rare and unusual nature of the injury, since ipsilateral dislocation of shoulder and elbow occur infrequently.

The Necessity of Upper Extremity Neurologic Examination while Evaluating Breast Pain.

INTRODUCTION: Breast pain is one of the most frequent complaints and occurs in 45-69% of all women. Cervical disc herniation is a common cause of cervical radiculopathy with an incidence rate of 18.6 per 100,000, and it should be considered as a cause of breast pain. OBJECTIVE: To identify the extent to which upper extremity neurologic findings and cervical root disorders accompany breast pain. METHODS: We prospectively collected clinical features of patients with breast pain. An upper extremity neurologic examination was performed in patients and controls. Patients who had neurologic findings underwent cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify cervical root disorders. RESULTS: Out of the 554 participants, 233 had breast pain, and 321 were controls. Women with breast pain had more numbness (116 [49.8%] vs. 104 [32.4%], p < 0.001) and more dysesthesia (36 [15.5%] vs. 17 [5.3%], p < 0.001) than the controls, but they had similar upper extremity weakness (10 [4.3%] vs. 14 [4.4%], p > 0.05). The number of women with one neurologic finding was significantly greater in the group with breast pain (119 [51.1%] vs. 111 [34.6%], p < 0.001). Ninety (16.2%) patients underwent a cervical vertebra MRI, which showed that 86 (95.6%) patients had cervical root disorders including 21 (23.3%) cases of bulging, 9 (10%) of annular tear, and 56 (62.2%) of central disc protrusion; 4 (4.4%) patients had normal findings. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age was the only significant predictor of neurologic findings in patients with breast pain (p < 0.05, OR: 1.02, CI: 1.002-1.053). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical root disorders should be considered as a cause of extramammary breast pain.

Both a biopsy method and a therapeutic procedure in BI-RADS 4A and 4B lesions: Ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate outcomes, complications, and follow-up results of ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (UG-VABB) in BI-RADS 4 A and B lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between Agust 2014 to January 2018, fifty BI-RADS 4A and BI-RADS 4B lesions of 41 patients biopsied with 10G vacuum needle by a single radiologist were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: All patients were females and mean age of the 41 patients was 50.12 ± 8.63. Of all lesions, 84% was benign, 6% was ADH, 4% was in-situ cancer, and 6% was diagnosed as malign. Follow-up duration after VABB was 0-51 months and mean was 20.92 months. Complications were as vasovagal-induced seizure in 3 patients (7.3%) and intramammary hematoma in 16 patients (39%). Hematoma was diagnosed in 3 patients (7.3%) at the 6th month follow-up and it was resolved in all patients at the 12th month follow-up. Higher breast density resulted in higher hematoma rates. There was no relationship between lesion BI-RADS subgroups, lesion size or sample number and hematoma development. During the follow-up, residue lesion in 1 (2.4%) patient and scar tissue in 2 (4.9%) patients was detected. CONCLUSION: US-guided VABB, with low complication rates and low scar development, is also a therapeutic excision method without remaining residue, which should be primarily preferred in smaller than 2 cm BI-RADS 4A and 4B lesions whose malignancy rates are relatively low. Hematoma, which is the most frequent complication, resorbed entirely in the 12th month in all patients.

The reliability of ultrasonography in developmental dysplasia of the hip: How reliable is it in different hands?

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common skeletal dysplasia. Two principal methods used in early diagnosis of DDH are clinical examination and ultrasonographic investigation. Dogruel et al. found a low specificity of clinical examination in patients with DDH. Additionally, Kamath et al. stated that ultrasonography performed by a radiologist in routine clinical practice is more reliable than physical examination performed by the average clinician. In clinical practice, the application and assessment of hip ultrasonography are completed by a single person. This assessment determines the followup of the patient. Thus, hip ultrasonography performed on the same person by different individuals under the same conditions will yield a more accurate assessment of the reliability of ultrasonographic assessment of DDH. Although inter-observer reliability was high in many previous studies of ultrasound image evaluation, reliability rates vary among studies of the application of ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inter-examiner reliability of hip ultrasonography was analyzed among four investigators who separately evaluated 100 hips (50 infants). The obtained bone structure angles α, cartilage structure angles ß, and distribution of hip types were compared among the investigators. All infants were brought to the hospital for a healthy child followup examination, according to the country's health policy. Babies between 0 and 6 months were included in the study. Babies with any neuromuscular disorders, neural tube defects or any type of genetic anomalies were excluded from the study. The study was explained to the families of all infants and written informed consent was obtained. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the hip type determined by the investigators with respect to α and ß angles (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P = 0.002). The average alpha measurements of the first orthopedist, second orthopedist, first radiologist, and second radiologist were 67.38 ± 6.24, 65.60 ± 5.84, 65.44 ± 4.59, and 62.59 ± 4.50, respectively. The average beta measurements of the first orthopedist, second orthopedist, first radiologist, and second radiologist were 53.85 ± 8.86, 50.74 ± 7.80, 44.77 ± 6.30, and 44.39 ± 5.81, respectively. Agreement among the results obtained by the clinicians was investigated in dual comparisons. The relative agreement according to the alpha angle ranged from 3.6% to 44.5%, and the relative concordance according to the beta angle ranged from 0.9% to 45.3%. Agreement regarding hip typing was determined to range from 19.1% to 42.6%. CONCLUSION: Sonographic evaluation of the hip appears to vary depending on the investigator.

The place of indirect venography tests after pulmonary computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboemboli.

AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of indirect computed tomography (CT) venography applied after pulmonary CT angiography to patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 80 patients at high/moderate risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) according to the clinical findings. Computed tomography venography (CTV) was performed 3-3.5 minutes after taking pulmonary CTA images. Color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) of the lower extremities was applied to all patients before pulmonary CTA or within 24 hours after CTA. RESULTS: Pulmonary embolism was determined in a total of 19 patients (23%). Six patients had deep venous thrombosis on CTV examination even though the CDUS findings were normal. Accepting color Doppler ultrasonography findings as the gold standard, the sensitivity of CTV in determining deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was found to be 100%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 60%, negative predictive value 100%, likelihood of giving a positive result 11.1, and likelihood of giving a negative result 0. There was a statistically significant good degree of correlation between the two methods (r = 0.741, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Computed tomography venography examination applied after pulmonary CTA is a fast imaging technique that has high diagnostic value and can be an alternative to CDUS, especially when CDUS is insufficient in application and evaluation.

Role of intraoperative US in the decision for radical or partial nephrectomy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of intraoperative ultrasonographic (US) findings on the decision for the type of nephrectomy to be performed in patients who had renal tumors that were preoperatively evaluated by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with pathologic results as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The institutional review board approved the study protocol, and informed consent was obtained. Between June 2008 and September 2009, 44 patients (25 men, 19 women; mean age, 56.6 years; range, 28-76 years) with 46 renal tumors were prospectively assessed by using intraoperative US examinations to demonstrate tumor relationship with the nontumoral intact parenchyma. Findings at preoperative MR examinations were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists to determine the type of surgery that would be recommended. The reference standard was results of pathologist's review of gross specimens and postoperative reports. The observers assigned their decisions as follows: score group 1, radical nephrectomy should be (should have been) performed; score group 2, partial nephrectomy can be (could have been) attempted; and score group 3, partial nephrectomy should be (should have been) performed. RESULTS: Radical nephrectomy was performed in 36 lesions. In all cases, the intraoperative US observer and the pathologist were concordant in the decision that radical nephrectomy versus partial nephrectomy could or should have been performed. MR observers 1 and 2 overcalled the need for radical nephrectomy in seven and four cases, respectively. Compared with pathologic results, the overall correlation of intraoperative US was 0.991, and the correlation for MR observer 1 was 0.786 and that for MR observer 2 was 0.731. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative US can be suggested as a valuable examination method in patients with tumors at a central location with suspicious renal sinus extension demonstrated by using MR imaging. The close cooperation of urologist and radiologist in renal tumor work-up could reduce performance of unnecessary radical nephrectomy.