Coordination of azol(in)ium dithiocarboxylate ligands to Au(III): unexpected formation of a novel family of cyclometallated Au(III) complexes, DFT calculations and catalytic studies.

A series of cyclometallated gold(III) complexes 21-27 of general formula [Au(dppta)(azdtc)Cl] (dppta = N,N-diisopropyl-P,P-diphenylphosphinothioic amide-κ2C,S; azdtc = azol(in)ium-2-dithiocarboxylate-κ1S) were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and diffractometric techniques. Treatment of [Au(dppta)(azdtc)Cl] complexes with methanol led to their quantitative transformation into a novel family of (C^S, S^S)-cyclometallated gold(III) complexes of general formula [Au(dppta)(azmtd)] (azmdt = azol(in)ium-2-(methoxy)methanedithiol-κ2S,S) 28-34. All the [Au(dppta)(azdtc)Cl] complexes 21-27 catalyzed the alkylation of indoles, whereas [Au(dppta)(azmtd)] complexes 28-34 were inactive. Among the synthesized derivatives, complex 22 displayed the highest catalytic activity, leading to a series of functionalized indoles in excellent yields.

Addition of allyl Grignard to nitriles in air and at room temperature: experimental and computational mechanistic insights in pH-switchable synthesis.

A straightforward and selective conversion of nitriles into highly substituted tetrahydropyridines, aminoketones or enamines by using allylmagnesium bromide as an addition partner (under neat conditions) and subsequent treatment with different aqueous-based hydrolysis protocols is reported. Refuting the conventional wisdom of the incompatibility of Grignard reagents with air and moisture, we herein report that the presence of water allows us to promote the chemoselective formation of the target tetrahydropyridines over other competing products (even in the case of highly challenging aliphatic nitriles). Moreover, the careful tuning of both the reaction media employed (acid or basic aqueous solutions for the hydrolysis protocol) and the electronic properties of the starting nitriles allowed us to design a multi-task system capable of producing either ß-aminoketones or enamines in a totally selective manner. Importantly, and for the first time in the chemistry of main-group polar organometallic reagents in non-conventional protic solvents (e.g., water), both experimental and computational studies showed that the excellent efficiency and selectivity observed in aqueous media cannot be replicated by using standard dry volatile organic solvents (VOCs) under inert atmosphere conditions.

ZnEt2 as a Precatalyst for the Addition of Alcohols to Carbodiimides.

We report here the use of commercially available ZnEt2 as an efficient precatalyst for the addition of alcohols to carbodiimides to obtain a wide range of isoureas under mild conditions. In an initial screening using methanol and commercial carbodiimides as substrates, the bulky isourea (OMe)(NHDipp)C(NDipp) (Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) was prepared for the first time using a catalytic method, and its structure confirmed by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Then, the efficiency of the precatalyst was tested with two carbodiimides, C(NiPr)2 and C(Np-tol)2, toward a series of alkylic and arylic alcohols and diols, with different steric and electronic properties, including the presence of other functional groups, usually with excellent conversions, especially for the more reactive aromatic carbodiimide. Some of the new isoureas thus prepared have also been isolated and characterized. Kinetic and stoichiometric experiments allowed us to propose a plausible mechanism for these transformations.

Guanidinates as Alternative Ligands for Organometallic Complexes.

For decades, ligands such as phosphanes or cyclopentadienyl ring derivatives have dominated Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry. At the same time, alternative compounds have emerged that could compete either for a more practical and accessible synthesis or for greater control of steric and electronic properties. Guanidines, nitrogen-rich compounds, appear as one such potential alternatives as ligands or proligands. In addition to occurring in a plethora of natural compounds, and thus in compounds of pharmacological use, guanidines allow a wide variety of coordination modes to different metal centers along the periodic table, with their monoanionic chelate derivatives being the most common. In this review, we focused on the organometallic chemistry of guanidinato compounds, discussing selected examples of coordination modes, reactivity and uses in catalysis or materials science. We believe that these amazing ligands offer a new promise in Organometallic Chemistry.

Aerobic/Room-Temperature-Compatible s-Block Organometallic Chemistry in Neat Conditions: A Missing Synthetic Tool for the Selective Conversion of Nitriles into Asymmetric Alcohols.

Highly-efficient and selective one-pot/two-step modular double addition of different highly polar organometallic reagents (RLi/RMgX) to nitriles en route to asymmetric tertiary alcohols (without the need for isolation/purification of any halfway reaction intermediate) has been studied, for the first time, in the absence of external/additional organic solvents (neat conditions), at room temperature and under air/moisture (no protecting atmosphere is required), which are generally forbidden reaction conditions in the field of highly-reactive organolithium/organomagnesium reagents. The one-pot modular tandem protocol demonstrated high chemoselectivity with a broad range of nitriles, as no side reactions (Li/halogen exchange, ortho-lithiations or benzylic metalations) were detected. Finally, this protocol could be scaled up, thus proving that this environmentally friendly methodology is amenable for a possible applied synthesis of asymmetric tertiary alcohols under bench type reaction conditions and in the absence of external organic solvents.

The inductively driven transmission line: A passively coupled device for diagnostic applications on the Z pulsed power facility.

The inductively driven transmission line (IDTL) is a miniature current-carrying device that passively couples to fringe magnetic fields in the final power feed on the Z Pulsed Power Facility. The IDTL redirects a small amount of Z's magnetic energy along a secondary path to ground, thereby enabling pulsed power diagnostics to be driven in parallel with the primary load for the first time. IDTL experiments and modeling presented here indicate that IDTLs operate non-perturbatively on Z and that they can draw in excess of 150 kA of secondary current, which is enough to drive an X-pinch backlighter. Additional experiments show that IDTLs are also capable of making cleaner, higher-fidelity measurements of the current flowing in the final feed.

Fast Addition of s-Block Organometallic Reagents to CO2 -Derived Cyclic Carbonates at Room Temperature, Under Air, and in 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran.

Fast addition of highly polar organometallic reagents (RMgX/RLi) to cyclic carbonates (derived from CO2 as a sustainable C1 synthon) has been studied in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as a green reaction medium or in the absence of external volatile organic solvents, at room temperature, and in the presence of air/moisture. These reaction conditions are generally forbidden with these highly reactive main-group organometallic compounds. The correct stoichiometry and nature of the polar organometallic alkylating or arylating reagent allows straightforward synthesis of: highly substituted tertiary alcohols, ß-hydroxy esters, or symmetric ketones, working always under air and at room temperature. Finally, an unprecedented one-pot/two-step hybrid protocol is developed through combination of an Al-catalyzed cycloaddition of CO2 and propylene oxide with the concomitant fast addition of RLi reagents to the in situ and transiently formed cyclic carbonate, thus allowing indirect conversion of CO2 into the desired highly substituted tertiary alcohols without need for isolation or purification of any reaction intermediates.

Combination of organocatalytic oxidation of alcohols and organolithium chemistry (RLi) in aqueous media, at room temperature and under aerobic conditions.

A tandem protocol to access tertiary alcohols has been developed which combines the organocatalytic oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones followed by their chemoselective addition by several RLi reagents. Reactions take place at room temperature, under air and in aqueous solutions, a trio of conditions that are typically forbidden in polar organometallic chemistry.

The surprisingly facile formation of Pd(i)-phosphido complexes from ortho-biphenylphosphines and palladium acetate.

The widely-used ortho-biphenylphosphine ligands SPhos and RuPhos not only undergo facile orthometallation with palladium acetate, yielding strained, four-membered dimeric palladacycles but more surprisingly, in the presence of alcoholic solvents, along with the less encumbered analogue MePhos, yield unusual dinuclear Pd(i) complexes, in which the Pd-centers are bridged by both a phosphide ligand and by the arene of a coordinated phosphine donor.

Cobalt-Catalyzed Suzuki Biaryl Coupling of Aryl Halides.

Readily accessed cobalt pre-catalysts with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands catalyze the Suzuki cross-coupling of aryl chlorides and bromides with alkyllithium-activated arylboronic pinacolate esters. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the cobalt species is reduced to Co0 during the reaction.

The influence of the ligand chelate effect on iron-amine-catalysed Kumada cross-coupling.

The application of a variety of iron complexes with chelating amine ligands as pre-catalysts in the representative cross-coupling of 4-tolylmagnesium bromide with cyclohexyl bromide was investigated. The results from this study indicate the performance of the pre-catalyst is inversely proportional to the strength of the chelate or macrocyclic effect of the amine ligand, as determined by the propensity of the ligand to be displaced from the iron centre by reaction with excess benzyl magnesium chloride. The findings from this study are consistent with a catalytic cycle wherein the chelating amine ligand is not coordinated to the iron centre during turnover.

Mixed amido-/imido-/guanidinato niobium complexes: synthesis and the effect of ligands on insertion reactions.

The new monoguanidinato complexes [Nb(NMe2)2{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}{(NR)(NR')C(NMe2)}] (R = R' = (i)Pr, 2; R = (t)Bu, R' = Et, 3) were obtained by the insertion reaction of either diisopropylcarbodiimide or 1-tert-butyl-3-ethylcarbodiimide with the triamido precursor [Nb(NMe2)3(N-2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)] (1) bearing a bulky imido moiety. The µ-oxo derivative [{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}{(N(i)Pr)2C(NMe2)}(NMe2)Nb]2(µ-O) (2a) was formed by an unexpected hydrolysis reaction of the amido niobium compound 2. Alternatively, monoguanidinato complexes [Nb(NMe2)2{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}{(N(i)Pr)2C(NHR)}] (R = (i)Pr, 4, (n)Bu, 5) can be obtained by protonolysis of 1 with N,N',N''-alkylguanidines [(NH(i)Pr)2C(NR)] (R = (i)Pr, (n)Bu). Compound also reacts with either tert-butylisocyanide or 2,6-xylylisocyanide to give, by a migratory insertion reaction, the corresponding iminocarbamoyl compounds [Nb(NMe2)2{(NMe2)C=NR}{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}] (R = (t)Bu, 6, Xy, 7). Addition of the neutral alkylguanidines to complex 6 results in a facile C-N bond cleavage at room temperature in a process directed by the formation of the stable chelate complex 4 or 5. Complex reacts with heterocumulenic CS2 to produce new imido dithiocarbamato complexes [Nb(NMe2){S2C(NMe2)}2{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}] (8) and [Nb{S2C(NMe2)}3{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}] (9). These complexes do not react with alkylguanines, although new mixed guanidinato dithiocarbamato complexes [Nb(NMe2){S2C(NMe2)}{(N(i)Pr)2C(NHiPr)}{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}] (10) and [Nb{(S2C(NMe2)}2{(N(i)Pr)2C(NH(i)Pr)}{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}] (11) can be obtained by reaction of complex 4 with one or two equivalents of CS2, respectively. All of the complexes were characterized spectroscopically and the dynamic behaviour of some of them was studied by variable-temperature NMR. The molecular structures of 2a, 3, 6 and 10 were also established by X-ray diffraction studies.

Unexpected mild C-N bond cleavage mediated by guanidine coordination to a niobium iminocarbamoyl complex.

The complex [Nb(NMe2)2{(NMe2)C=N(t)Bu}{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}] reacts with trialkylguanidines and undergoes a room temperature C-N bond cleavage of the iminocarbamoyl moiety. This reaction affords the guanidinate complexes [Nb(NMe2)2{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}{(N(i)Pr)2C(NH(i)Pr)}] or [Nb(NMe2)2{N(2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3)}{(N(i)Pr)2C(NH(n)Bu)}] and free isocyanide. The first crystal structure of a niobium iminocarbamoyl complex is reported.

Asymmetric niobium guanidinates as intermediates in the catalytic guanylation of amines.

The molecular structure of the guanidinate complex {NbBz2(N(t)Bu)[(4-BrC6H4)N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr)]}, previously obtained by reaction of [NbBz3(N(t)Bu)] and the corresponding guanidine proligand, has been established by X-ray diffraction. The series of complexes {NbBz2(N(t)Bu)[(Ar)N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr)]} (Ar = 4-BrC6H4, 4-(t)BuC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4) and {[NbBz2(N(t)Bu)]2[(C6H4)(N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr))2]} show a preferred asymmetric coordination of the guanidinate ligand by means of one alkylamino nitrogen and the arylimino nitrogen atom. Computational studies confirm this preference and the results suggest that electronic factors prevail over steric factors. In addition, reaction of complex [NbBz3(N(t)Bu)] with {2-((n)butyl)-1,3-diisopropylguanidine} did not give rise to the regioselective asymmetrical guanidinate. Instead, the complex {NbBz2(N(t)Bu)[((n)Bu)N=C(N(i)Pr)(NH(i)Pr)]} was obtained as a mixture of three isomers with symmetrical and asymmetrical coordination modes. Finally, the complex [NbBz3(N(t)Bu)] was shown to be a suitable precatalyst for the guanylation reaction of a wide range of amines under mild conditions. Guanidinates are proposed as intermediates in the mechanism of this reaction. The molecular structure of the biguanidine {2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2',3-diisopropylguanidine)} was also established by X-ray diffraction studies.