RESUMO
The New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) passed through a population bottleneck due to commercial sealing during the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. To facilitate future management options, we reconstructed the demographic history of New Zealand fur seals in a Bayesian framework using maternally inherited, mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mitogenomic data suggested two separate clades (most recent common ancestor 5000 years ago) of New Zealand fur seals that survived large-scale human harvest. Mitochondrial haplotype diversity was high, with 45 singletons identified from 46 individuals although mean nucleotide diversity was low (0.012 ± 0.0061). Variation was not constrained geographically. Analyses of mitogenomes support the hypothesis for a population bottleneck approximately 35 generations ago, which coincides with the peak of commercial sealing. Mitogenomic data are consistent with a pre-human effective population size of approximately 30,000 that first declined to around 10,000 (due to the impact of Polynesian colonization, particularly in the first 100 years of their arrival into New Zealand), and then to 100-200 breeding individuals during peak of commercial sealing.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar , Otárias/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Mitocôndrias/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Cruzamento , Densidade Demográfica , RecreaçãoRESUMO
The complete mitochondrial genome of three mustelid species, stoats (Mustela erminea), weasels (Mustela nivalis) and ferrets (Mustela furo), and the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) were sequenced using direct mitochondrial DNA extraction and overlapping long PCRs. The usual 37 mammalian mitochondrial genes (13 protein coding genes, 22 t-RNA and 2 r-RNA) were identified in all four mitogenomes. The divergence of stoats from other members of the sub-family Mustelinae was dated 4.5 million years ago. The mitogenomic data were consistent with a bear-like origin of seals.
Assuntos
Otárias/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Vison/genética , Animais , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/isolamento & purificação , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Otárias/classificação , Nova Zelândia , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico/química , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA de Transferência/química , RNA de Transferência/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Environmental conditions which define boundaries for biofilm production could provide useful ecological information for biofilm models. A practical use of defined conditions could be applied to the high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Data for temperature and humidity conditions indicate that decreases in relative humidity or increased temperature severely affect biofilm formation on three candidate canister metals.