Precision Health Analytics With Predictive Analytics and Implementation Research: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Emerging data science techniques of predictive analytics expand the quality and quantity of complex data relevant to human health and provide opportunities for understanding and control of conditions such as heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders. To realize these opportunities, the information sources, the data science tools that use the information, and the application of resulting analytics to health and health care issues will require implementation research methods to define benefits, harms, reach, and sustainability; and to understand related resource utilization implications to inform policymakers. This JACC State-of-the-Art Review is based on a workshop convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to explore predictive analytics in the context of implementation science. It highlights precision medicine and precision public health as complementary and compelling applications of predictive analytics, and addresses future research and training endeavors that might further foster the application of predictive analytics in clinical medicine and public health.

Stakeholder Engagement in Late-Stage Translation Research and Implementation Science: Perspectives From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Stakeholder engagement is crucial for turning discovery into health. Although it is a highly effective approach for research in general, it is an essential component in late-stage translation research and implementation science in which the central objective is to accelerate the sustained uptake and integration of proven-effective interventions into routine clinical and public health practice. Where the stakeholder is an entire community, the term community engagement has often been used and has traditionally been defined as "the process of working collaboratively with groups of people who are affiliated by geographic proximity, special interests, or similar situations with respect to issues affecting their well-being." More recently, this definition has been expanded to specifically incorporate pre-study needs assessment, shared decision making about study themes and specific aims, data collection and analysis, interpretation and dissemination of research findings, and plans for scale-up and spread of research findings. In this article, the authors explore the scientific foundations of stakeholder engagement in biomedical research and public health practice. They highlight the strategic vision goals and objectives of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the commitment to advance dissemination and implementation research and community-engaged participatory research. The authors conclude with comments on the stakeholder engagement efforts in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded TREIN/Hy-TREC consortium's work published in this issue of Global Heart and their perspectives on the challenges and opportunities as we chart the future together.

Emerging Concepts in Precision Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases in Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality and a major contributor to preventable deaths worldwide. The dominant modifiable risk factors and the social and environmental determinants that increase cardiovascular risk are known, and collectively, are as important in racial and ethnic minority populations as they are in majority populations. Their prevention and treatment remain the foundation for cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention. Genetic and epigenetic factors are increasingly recognized as important contributors to cardiovascular risk and provide an opportunity for advancing precision cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we explore emerging concepts at the interface of precision medicine and cardiovascular disease in racial and ethnic minority populations. Important among these are the lack of racial and ethnic diversity in genomics studies and biorepositories; the resulting misclassification of benign variants as pathogenic in minorities; and the importance of ensuring ancestry-matched controls in variant interpretation. We address the relevance of epigenetics, pharmacogenomics, genetic testing and counseling, and their social and cultural implications. We also examine the potential impact of precision medicine on racial and ethnic disparities. The National Institutes of Health's All of Us Research Program and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Initiative are presented as examples of research programs at the forefront of precision medicine and diversity to explore research implications in minorities. We conclude with an overview of implementation research challenges in precision medicine and the ethical implications in minority populations. Successful implementation of precision medicine in cardiovascular disease in minority populations will benefit from strategies that directly address diversity and inclusion in genomics research and go beyond race and ethnicity to explore ancestry-matched controls, as well as geographic, cultural, social, and environmental determinants of health.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Strategic Vision Implementation for Health Equity Research.

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) provides global leadership for a research, training, and education program to promote the prevention and treatment of heart, lung, and blood diseases and enhance the health of all individuals so that they can live longer and more fulfilling lives. Inherent in this mission is the commitment to advance health equity research as an avenue for enhancing the health of all individuals. Additionally, the four goals and eight research objectives of the NHLBI Strategic Vision directly support the commitment to health equity. In this article, we present selected examples of the NHLBI Strategic Vision implementation approaches for advancing health equity research in our mission areas of heart, lung, and blood diseases. Examples of diseases for which the burden of health inequities and our strategic vision implementation approaches are discussed include hypertension, heart failure, vascular dementia, asthma, and sickle cell disease. Examples are provided of new avenues of Institute-solicited research to stimulate and address compelling scientific questions and critical challenges to advance health equity. We also highlight the emerging fields of implementation science and predictive analytics as important opportunities to accelerate the translation of discovery science into health impact for all and to advance health equity.

Economic Dimensions of Health Inequities: The Role of Implementation Research.

Health inequities are well-documented, but their economic dimensions have received less attention. In this report, we describe four economic dimensions of health inequities in the United States. First, we describe an economic conceptual framework that connects poverty and health inequities at both individual and population levels and conveys the concept of reverse causality, where poverty worsens health inequities and health inequities worsen poverty. This framework can help us understand the key elements of health inequity and its drivers. Second, we describe economic measurements used for quantifying the economic burden of health inequalities and summarize the empirical findings from studies. Third, we review the evidence on the return-on-investment of economic interventions that are aimed at reducing health inequities. Finally, we highlight the importance of cross disciplinary perspectives from economics and implementation research in effectively delivering interventions that can mitigate health inequities.

The Importance of Evaluating Health Disparities Research.

Health disparity populations are socially disadvantaged, and the multiple levels of discrimination they often experience mean that their characteristics and attributes differ from those of the mainstream. Programs and policies targeted at reducing health disparities or improving minority health must consider these differences. Despite the importance of evaluating health disparities research to produce high-quality data that can guide decision-making, it is not yet a customary practice. Although health disparities evaluations incorporate the same scientific methods as all evaluations, they have unique components such as population characteristics, sociocultural context, and the lack of health disparity common indicators and metrics that must be considered in every phase of the research. This article describes evaluation strategies grouped into 3 components: formative (needs assessments and process), design and methodology (multilevel designs used in real-world settings), and summative (outcomes, impacts, and cost). Each section will describe the standards for each component, discuss the unique health disparity aspects, and provide strategies from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Metrics and Measures Visioning Workshop (April 2016) to advance the evaluation of health disparities research.

HLBS-PopOmics: an online knowledge base to accelerate dissemination and implementation of research advances in population genomics to reduce the burden of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders.

Recent dramatic advances in multiomics research coupled with exponentially increasing volume, complexity, and interdisciplinary nature of publications are making it challenging for scientists to stay up-to-date on the literature. Strategies to address this challenge include the creation of online databases and warehouses to support timely and targeted dissemination of research findings. Although most of the early examples have been in cancer genomics and pharmacogenomics, the approaches used can be adapted to support investigators in heart, lung, blood, and sleep (HLBS) disorders research. In this article, we describe the creation of an HLBS population genomics (HLBS-PopOmics) knowledge base as an online, continuously updated, searchable database to support the dissemination and implementation of studies and resources that are relevant to clinical and public health practice. In addition to targeted searches based on the HLBS disease categories, cross-cutting themes reflecting the ethical, legal, and social implications of genomics research; systematic evidence reviews; and clinical practice guidelines supporting screening, detection, evaluation, and treatment are also emphasized in HLBS-PopOmics. Future updates of the knowledge base will include additional emphasis on transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other omics research; explore opportunities for leveraging data sets designed to support scientific discovery; and incorporate advanced machine learning bioinformatics capabilities.

Noncommunicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Strategic Approach to Develop a Global Implementation Research Workforce.

Globally, most of the burden from noncommunicable disease is now evident in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). At the same time, many effective noncommunicable disease interventions are now available and recommended for implementation and scale-up across LMIC health systems-yet are not being widely implemented. Understanding optimal and sustainable implementation strategies for these interventions within the LMIC context will need locally led and conducted implementation research- a research capacity which currently is lacking. The National Institutes of Health institutes, centers, and offices work with the Fogarty International Center to support biomedical research and research training across the globe. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes' Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science has a strategic focus on implementation research in global health. The Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science is considering strategies for developing research capacity and skill sets to conduct this priority research along with National Institutes of Health institutes and centers and other key global institutions that highly value implementation research. Short-term and medium-term strategies will be needed along with building on current efforts and investments and considering new efforts to address gaps. Developing and sustaining this research workforce will present many challenges and require much effort, but the returns could be transformative in advancing the prevention, treatment, and control of noncommunicable diseases within LMICs.

Influence of improvement or worsening of glucose tolerance on risk of stroke in persons with impaired glucose tolerance.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We sought to determine the effect of regression to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or progression to diabetes in early years of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) on subsequent risk of stroke. METHODS: In 1986, 576 adults aged 25 years and older with impaired glucose tolerance in Da Qing, China, were randomly assigned by clinic to control, diet, exercise, or diet plus exercise intervention groups for a six-year period. Subsequently participants received medical care in their local clinics. We tracked participants for additional 17 years to ascertain stroke events and other outcomes. RESULTS: At the end of 6-year intervention trial follow-up, 272 (50.2%) had progressed to diabetes, 169 (31.2%) regressed to normal glucose tolerance, and 101 (18.6%) remained impaired glucose tolerance. During the subsequent 17-year follow-up, 173 (31.9%) developed a stroke, 26.7% of normal glucose tolerances, 30.7% of impaired glucose tolerances, and 36.1% of those with diabetes. After controlling for age, sex, baseline blood pressure, smoking, total cholesterol, previous cardiovascular disease and intervention group, those who developed diabetes in the first six years had a higher incidence of stroke than those who reverted to normal glucose tolerance (HR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.01-2.19, p = 0.04), whereas for those who remained impaired glucose tolerance compared to those who regressed to normal glucose tolerance the HR was 1.25 (95% CI 0.80-1.93; p = 0.30). A 1-mmol/L increase in both fasting and 2-h post-load plasma glucose from entry to end of the six-year trial was significantly associated with a higher risk of development of stroke in the subsequent 17 years, respectively (HR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.11, p < 0.0001 for fasting glucose, HR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.09, p = 0.007 for 2-h post-load plasma glucose). CONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese adults with impaired glucose tolerance, early progression to diabetes predicted a higher risk of stroke, compared those who regressed to normal glucose tolerance.

Implementation Research to Address the United States Health Disadvantage: Report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop.

Four decades ago, U.S. life expectancy was within the same range as other high-income peer countries. However, during the past decades, the United States has fared worse in many key health domains resulting in shorter life expectancy and poorer health-a health disadvantage. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a panel of national and international health experts and stakeholders for a Think Tank meeting to explore the U.S. health disadvantage and to seek specific recommendations for implementation research opportunities for heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders. Recommendations for National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute consideration were made in several areas including understanding the drivers of the disadvantage, identifying potential solutions, creating strategic partnerships with common goals, and finally enhancing and fostering a research workforce for implementation research. Key recommendations included exploring why the United States is doing better for health indicators in a few areas compared with peer countries; targeting populations across the entire socioeconomic spectrum with interventions at all levels in order to prevent missing a substantial proportion of the disadvantage; assuring partnership have high-level goals that can create systemic change through collective impact; and finally, increasing opportunities for implementation research training to meet the current needs. Connecting with the research community at large and building on ongoing research efforts will be an important strategy. Broad partnerships and collaboration across the social, political, economic, and private sectors and all civil society will be critical-not only for implementation research but also for implementing the findings to have the desired population impact. Developing the relevant knowledge to tackle the U.S. health disadvantage is the necessary first step to improve U.S. health outcomes.

Addressing gaps in international blood availability and transfusion safety in low- and middle-income countries: a NHLBI workshop.

In April 2017, a workshop sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Division of Blood Diseases and Resources, and the Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science was held to discuss blood availability and transfusion safety in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The purpose of the workshop was to identify research opportunities for implementation science (IS) to improve the availability of safe blood and blood components and transfusion practices in LMICs. IS describes the late stages of the translational research spectrum and studies optimal and sustainable strategies to deliver proven-effective interventions. Regional working groups were formed to focus on opportunities and challenges in East Africa, Central/West Africa, Middle East and North Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Western Pacific Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. The need for an "adequate supply of safe blood" emerged as the major overriding theme. Among the regional working groups, common cross-cutting themes were evident. The majority of research questions, priorities, and strategies fell into the categories of blood availability, blood transfusion safety, appropriate use of blood, quality systems, health economics and budgeting, and training and education in IS. The workshop also brought into focus inadequate country-level data that can be used as the basis for IS initiatives. A mixed approach of needs assessment and targeted interventions with sufficient evidence base to move toward sustainment is an appropriate next step for blood availability and transfusion safety research in LMICs.

Reducing Cardiovascular Disparities Through Community-Engaged Implementation Research: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop Report.

Cardiovascular disparities remain pervasive in the United States. Unequal disease burden is evident among population groups based on sex, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, nativity, or geography. Despite the significant declines in cardiovascular disease mortality rates in all demographic groups during the last 50 years, large disparities remain by sex, race, ethnicity, and geography. Recent data from modeling studies, linked micromap plots, and small-area analyses also demonstrate prominent variation in cardiovascular disease mortality rates across states and counties, with an especially high disease burden in the southeastern United States and Appalachia. Despite these continued disparities, few large-scale intervention studies have been conducted in these high-burden populations to examine the feasibility of reducing or eliminating cardiovascular disparities. To address this challenge, on June 22 and 23, 2017, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened experts from a broad range of biomedical, behavioral, environmental, implementation, and social science backgrounds to summarize the current state of knowledge of cardiovascular disease disparities and propose intervention strategies aligned with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute mission. This report presents the themes, challenges, opportunities, available resources, and recommended actions discussed at the workshop.

Hypertension control activities in Latin America and the Caribbean: opportunities for late-stage (T4) translation research

[ABSTRACT]. This work had two objectives: (1) to identify the extent of the problem and gaps pertaining to hypertension control in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and (2) to identify the potential role for late-stage (T4) translation research to tackle the current and future hypertension burden in that region. We explored the extent of the problem and the potential opportunities to use late-stage (T4) translation research to address it. We analyzed calls to action and policies implemented within several LAC countries and also at the regional level. Some LAC countries are currently developing comprehensive plans for controlling noncommunicable diseases. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is working on implementing a comprehensive plan of action within the PAHO Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. These endeavors underscore the need for and the relevance of implementing effective, evidence-based, affordable interventions for treating and controlling hypertension. In these efforts, late-stage (T4) translation research can help to determine the best strategies for delivery of hypertension control. This latestage (T4) translation research should involve all relevant stakeholders and partners in order to best enhance and scale up appropriate, affordable, and sustainable public health interventions.

[RESUMEN]. El presente trabajo tuvo dos objetivos: 1) establecer la magnitud del problema y las brechas en cuanto al control de la hipertensión en América Latina y el Caribe, y 2) determinar la posible función de la última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos para hacer frente a la carga actual y futura de la hipertensión en la región. Exploramos la magnitud del problema y las oportunidades de usar última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos para abordarlo. Analizamos los llamamientos a la acción y las políticas aplicadas en varios países de América Latina y el Caribe, y también en el plano regional. Actualmente, algunos países de América Latina y el Caribe están elaborando planes integrales para controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles. Además, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) está trabajando en la ejecución de un plan de acción integral en el marco de su Estrategia para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Estos cometidos destacan la necesidad y la relevancia de las intervenciones eficaces, basadas en la evidencia y asequibles para el tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión. En el marco de estos esfuerzos, la última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos puede ayudar a determinar las mejores estrategias para las prestaciones relacionadas con el control de la hipertensión. Esta última fase (T4) debe incluir a todos los interesados directos y asociados pertinentes para mejorar y ampliar las intervenciones de salud pública apropiadas, asequibles y sostenibles.

[RESUMO]. Este estudo teve dois objetivos: (1) identificar o alcance do problema e as lacunas referentes ao controle da hipertensão na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) e (2) identificar o papel em potencial da pesquisa translacional de fase T4 para combater a carga atual e futura da hipertensão na região. Foi investigado o alcance do problema e as oportunidades em potencial para usar pesquisa translacional de fase T4 para abordar o problema. Foram analisadas convocações à ação e políticas adotadas em vários países da ALC e ao nível regional. Alguns países da ALC estão em fase de elaboração de planos abrangentes para controlar as doenças não transmissíveis. Além disso, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) está trabalhando na implementação de um plano de ação integral como parte da Estratégia da OPAS para Prevenção e Controle de Doenças Não Transmissíveis. Esses esforços destacam a necessidade e a importância de implementar intervenções com base científica que sejam eficazes e acessíveis para tratar e controlar a hipertensão. Para tal, a pesquisa translacional de fase T4 pode contribuir para determinar as melhores estratégias para realizar o controle da hipertensão. Este tipo de pesquisa deve envolver todos os interessados diretos e parceiros relevantes a fim de expandir e aprimorar as intervenções de saúde pública que sejam adequadas, acessíveis e sustentáveis.

Hypertension control activities in Latin America and the Caribbean: opportunities for late-stage (T4) translation research.

This work had two objectives: (1) to identify the extent of the problem and gaps pertaining to hypertension control in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and (2) to identify the potential role for late-stage (T4) translation research to tackle the current and future hypertension burden in that region. We explored the extent of the problem and the potential opportunities to use late-stage (T4) translation research to address it. We analyzed calls to action and policies implemented within several LAC countries and also at the regional level. Some LAC countries are currently developing comprehensive plans for controlling noncommunicable diseases. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is working on implementing a comprehensive plan of action within the PAHO Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. These endeavors underscore the need for and the relevance of implementing effective, evidence-based, affordable interventions for treating and controlling hypertension. In these efforts, late-stage (T4) translation research can help to determine the best strategies for delivery of hypertension control. This late-stage (T4) translation research should involve all relevant stakeholders and partners in order to best enhance and scale up appropriate, affordable, and sustainable public health interventions.

El presente trabajo tuvo dos objetivos: 1) establecer la magnitud del problema y las brechas en cuanto al control de la hipertensión en América Latina y el Caribe, y 2) determinar la posible función de la última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos para hacer frente a la carga actual y futura de la hipertensión en la región. Exploramos la magnitud del problema y las oportunidades de usar última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos para abordarlo. Analizamos los llamamientos a la acción y las políticas aplicadas en varios países de América Latina y el Caribe, y también en el plano regional. Actualmente, algunos países de América Latina y el Caribe están elaborando planes integrales para controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles. Además, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) está trabajando en la ejecución de un plan de acción integral en el marco de su Estrategia para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Estos cometidos destacan la necesidad y la relevancia de las intervenciones eficaces, basadas en la evidencia y asequibles para el tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión. En el marco de estos esfuerzos, la última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos puede ayudar a determinar las mejores estrategias para las prestaciones relacionadas con el control de la hipertensión. Esta última fase (T4) debe incluir a todos los interesados directos y asociados pertinentes para mejorar y ampliar las intervenciones de salud pública apropiadas, asequibles y sostenibles.

Este estudo teve dois objetivos: (1) identificar o alcance do problema e as lacunas referentes ao controle da hipertensão na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) e (2) identificar o papel em potencial da pesquisa translacional de fase T4 para combater a carga atual e futura da hipertensão na região. Foi investigado o alcance do problema e as oportunidades em potencial para usar pesquisa translacional de fase T4 para abordar o problema. Foram analisadas convocações à ação e políticas adotadas em vários países da ALC e ao nível regional. Alguns países da ALC estão em fase de elaboração de planos abrangentes para controlar as doenças não transmissíveis. Além disso, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) está trabalhando na implementação de um plano de ação integral como parte da Estratégia da OPAS para Prevenção e Controle de Doenças Não Transmissíveis. Esses esforços destacam a necessidade e a importância de implementar intervenções com base científica que sejam eficazes e acessíveis para tratar e controlar a hipertensão. Para tal, a pesquisa translacional de fase T4 pode contribuir para determinar as melhores estratégias para realizar o controle da hipertensão. Este tipo de pesquisa deve envolver todos os interessados diretos e parceiros relevantes a fim de expandir e aprimorar as intervenções de saúde pública que sejam adequadas, acessíveis e sustentáveis.

Hypertension control activities in Latin America and the Caribbean: opportunities for late-stage (T4) translation research / Control de la hipertensión en América Latina y el Caribe: Oportunidades en la última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre la traslación de los resultados a productos / Atividades de controle da hipertensão na América Latina e no Caribe: oportunidades de pesquisa translacional de fase T4

ABSTRACT This work had two objectives: (1) to identify the extent of the problem and gaps pertaining to hypertension control in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and (2) to identify the potential role for late-stage (T4) translation research to tackle the current and future hypertension burden in that region. We explored the extent of the problem and the potential opportunities to use late-stage (T4) translation research to address it. We analyzed calls to action and policies implemented within several LAC countries and also at the regional level. Some LAC countries are currently developing comprehensive plans for controlling noncommunicable diseases. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is working on implementing a comprehensive plan of action within the PAHO Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. These endeavors underscore the need for and the relevance of implementing effective, evidence-based, affordable interventions for treating and controlling hypertension. In these efforts, late-stage (T4) translation research can help to determine the best strategies for delivery of hypertension control. This late-stage (T4) translation research should involve all relevant stakeholders and partners in order to best enhance and scale up appropriate, affordable, and sustainable public health interventions.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tuvo dos objetivos: 1) establecer la magnitud del problema y las brechas en cuanto al control de la hipertensión en América Latina y el Caribe, y 2) determinar la posible función de la última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos para hacer frente a la carga actual y futura de la hipertensión en la región. Exploramos la magnitud del problema y las oportunidades de usar última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos para abordarlo. Analizamos los llamamientos a la acción y las políticas aplicadas en varios países de América Latina y el Caribe, y también en el plano regional. Actualmente, algunos países de América Latina y el Caribe están elaborando planes integrales para controlar las enfermedades no transmisibles. Además, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) está trabajando en la ejecución de un plan de acción integral en el marco de su Estrategia para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Estos cometidos destacan la necesidad y la relevancia de las intervenciones eficaces, basadas en la evidencia y asequibles para el tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión. En el marco de estos esfuerzos, la última fase (T4) de la investigación sobre traslación de los resultados a productos puede ayudar a determinar las mejores estrategias para las prestaciones relacionadas con el control de la hipertensión. Esta última fase (T4) debe incluir a todos los interesados directos y asociados pertinentes para mejorar y ampliar las intervenciones de salud pública apropiadas, asequibles y sostenibles.

RESUMO Este estudo teve dois objetivos: (1) identificar o alcance do problema e as lacunas referentes ao controle da hipertensão na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) e (2) identificar o papel em potencial da pesquisa translacional de fase T4 para combater a carga atual e futura da hipertensão na região. Foi investigado o alcance do problema e as oportunidades em potencial para usar pesquisa translacional de fase T4 para abordar o problema. Foram analisadas convocações à ação e políticas adotadas em vários países da ALC e ao nível regional. Alguns países da ALC estão em fase de elaboração de planos abrangentes para controlar as doenças não transmissíveis. Além disso, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) está trabalhando na implementação de um plano de ação integral como parte da Estratégia da OPAS para Prevenção e Controle de Doenças Não Transmissíveis. Esses esforços destacam a necessidade e a importância de implementar intervenções com base científica que sejam eficazes e acessíveis para tratar e controlar a hipertensão. Para tal, a pesquisa translacional de fase T4 pode contribuir para determinar as melhores estratégias para realizar o controle da hipertensão. Este tipo de pesquisa deve envolver todos os interessados diretos e parceiros relevantes a fim de expandir e aprimorar as intervenções de saúde pública que sejam adequadas, acessíveis e sustentáveis.

Perspective: Late-Stage (T4) Translation Research and Implementation Science: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Strategic Vision.

In August 2016, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) released its Strategic Vision for charting a course for research over the next decade. This vision was the culmination of an unprecedented process that engaged diverse stakeholders from across the United States and around the globe. The process resulted in four mission-oriented goals and eight strategic objectives that provide an overall framework for advancing research in heart, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders. In this perspective, we address opportunities that NHLBI has identified to advance late-stage (T4) translation research, implementation science, health inequities research, global health research, and related research workforce development. Additionally, we highlight the importance of continued active engagement of the clinical and public health research community and the strategic, transdisciplinary, cross-sector partnerships necessary for advancing research priorities to maximize the population-level outcomes and health impact of scientific discoveries.