[Etymology of russian terms in the anatomy of the urinary system].

This paper analyzes the etymology of the Russian names of the organs of the urinary system (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) and their separate parts (renal pelvis). It is shown that Russian anatomical terms originate from the root morphemes of the Indo-European language group, which convey morphological, physiological or anatomical features of this or that organ. At the moment Russian terminology is widely used in the study of anatomy and other fundamental and medical sciences in universities and clinical practice along with common Latin names and eponyms of names of these or other structures.

[Applied anatomy of the medial orbital wall]. / Prikladnaya anatomiya medial'noi stenki glaznitsy.

The article provides an overview of foreign and domestic studies on the anatomy of the medial wall of the orbit. Possible structural variants of the osseus structures of the medial wall and their applied clinical significance are indicated, including those having individual occurrence: additional lacrimal bone, morphological features of the structure of the fossa of the lacrimal sac, location, shape and size of the cells of the ethmoid bone, Onody cells, Haller infraorbital cell, the relative position of the anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina, the presence of additional ethmoid foramina, dysgenesis of the lacrimal bone and the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. The anatomical prerequisites for the occurrence of intraoperative complications with surgical access to the medial wall of the orbit are described.

[Contribution of Thomas Willis (1621-1675) to neuroanatomy and clinical neurology (on the 400th anniversary of his birth)]. / Vklad Tomasa Uillisa (1621­1675) v neiroanatomiyu i klinicheskuyu nevrologiyu (k 400-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya).

The article is devoted to the 400th anniversary of the birth of the famous English physician and anatomist Thomas Willis (Willisius), who made an invaluable contribution to the development of neurological science and practice. The authors briefly describe the stages of his life path and characterize his contribution to neuroanatomy and clinical medicine, in particular neurology.

Crystal structures of two dimeric nickel di-phenyl-acetate com-plexes.

In the crystal structures of the title com-pounds, namely µ-aqua-κ2 O:O-di-µ-di-phenyl-acetato-κ4 O:O'-bis-[(di-phenyl-acetato-κO)bis-(pyridine-κN)nickel(II)], [Ni2(C14H11O2)4(C5H5N)4(H2O)] (1) and µ-aqua-κ2 O:O-di-µ-di-phenyl-acetato-κ4 O:O'-bis-[(2,2'-bi-pyridine-κ2 N,N')(di-phenyl-acetato-κO)nickel(II)]-aceto-nitrile-di-phenyl-acetic acid (1/2.5/1), [Ni2(C14H11O2)4(C10H8N2)2(H2O)]·2.5CH3CN·C14H12O2 (2), the com-plex units are stabilized by a variety of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, as well as C-H⋯π and π-π contacts between the aromatic systems of the pyridine, dipyridyl and di-phenyl-acetate ligands. Despite the fact that the di-phenyl-acetate ligand is sterically bulky, this does not inter-fere with the formation of the described aqua-bridged dimeric core, even with a 2,2'-bi-pyridine ligand, which has a strong chelating effect.

Mesophase structure and behaviour in bulk and restricted geometry of a dimeric compound exhibiting a nematic-nematic transition.

We present structural studies of a dimeric compound composed of a central heptyl spacer linking two mesogens consisting of terphenyl units at which two adjacent fluoro groups are attached to each central ring. The terminal rings are linked to pentyl chains as terminal groups. The material exhibits a nematic-nematic transition and a low temperature modulated phase. The higher temperature nematic phase was found to exhibit an anomaly of the bend elastic constant similar to that of the dimers with N-Ntb phase sequence, and the physical properties of the low-temperature nematic phase are similar to those of the known Ntb materials. The structure of the low-temperature modulated smectic/columnar phase is described together with its ability to form freely suspended films and fibres. The relation of the modulated structure to the fibre formation and to the appearance of the labyrinthine instability in freely-suspended films is discussed.

Rupture and recoil of bent-core liquid crystal filaments.

The recoil process of free-standing liquid crystal filaments is investigated experimentally and theoretically. We focus on two aspects, the contraction speed of the filament and a spontaneously formed undulation instability. At the moment of rupture, the filaments buckle similarly to the classical Euler buckling of elastic rods. The tip velocity decays with decreasing filament length. The wavelength of buckling affinely decreases with the retracting filament tip. The energy gain related to the decrease of the total length and surface area of the filaments is mainly dissipated by layer rearrangements during thickening of the fibre. A flow back into the meniscus is relevant only in the final stage of the recoil process. We introduce a model for the quantitative description of the filament retraction speed. The dynamics of this recoil behaviour may find relevance as a model for biology-related filaments.

Light-induced Soret effect and adsorption of nanocrystals in organic solvents.

A light-induced Soret effect accompanied by photoinduced adsorption of pigment nanoparticles is described in organic solvents. We report an unexpected inversion of the nanoparticle flux which is directed along the temperarture gradient at short exposures to the light and switches against the gradient at longer exposures. This change of flux direction is due to light-induced adsorption of the nanocrystals onto the substrates of the cell.

[Occupational hearing loss--problem of health and safety].

On the basis of the literature review the critical analysis of the recommendations (the letter of Ministry of Health of Russia from 6/11/2012 N 14-1/10/2-3508) on occupation noise-induced hearing loss (HL) assessment is presented. Need of more strict criteria of HL assessment for workers, than for the general population according to ICF (WHO, 2001), in order to avoid growth of accidents and injury rate is proved. The illegitimacy of a deduction of statistical presbiacusia values from individual audiograms as human rights violation is stressed. Some terminological defects are noted. It is necessary to cancel recommendations and to develop the sanitary norms or state standard with the program of hearing conservation at work.

[Information as physical factor: problems of measurement, hygienic assessment and IT-automation].

The increasing flow of information, speeding up the progress of society, can impact the health that puts the task of its hygienic reglamentation. The physical aspects of information, parameters and units of quantities, aspects of measurement and evaluation with account of information quantity and quality as well as criteria of its permissible and optimal levels are considered. The results of measurements of quantity of text information produced per year on computer in 17 occupations of 10 economic sectors are presented. The principle of IT-automation of operator's work and of dynamic monitoring is proposed. On the basis of research performed the glossary of terms and guide on the problem with computer support are elaborated for the accumulation of experience and clarification of prospects.

[Information hygiene and regulation of information for vulnerable groups of the population].

Development of information society engenders the problem of hygienic regulation of information load for the population, first of all for vulnerable groups. There are presented international and Russian normative legal documents and experience in this area, there are described the negative effects of information (such as stress, depression, suicidal ideations). There are considered social-psychological characteristics of vulnerable groups that requires their best protection from loads of information, doing harm, particularly in terms of reproductive health, family relationships, children, etc. There was noted the desirability of improvement of sanitary, legislation on the regulation of the information load on the population, especially in vulnerable groups, in terms of optimization of parameters of the signal-carriers on volume, brightness and the adequacy of the volume and content of information in radio and television broadcasting, in an urban environment and at the plant to preserve the health and well-being of the population.

[The stimulation of reparative regeneration in the treatment of fractures of the extremities with the use of new biotechnologies].

The paper presents the results of a study of Russian and foreign authors on modern methods of stimulation of reparative regeneration of bone tissue. Highlight general principles for the construction and use of bioplastic materials. An attempt to classify the most famous of biomaterials based on their physico-chemical and biological properties, as well as identified trends in the further development of tissue engineering and its importance in traumatology and orthopedics.

Experimental investigation and modeling of the kinetics of CCl4 pyrolysis behind reflected shock waves using high-repetition-rate time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The pyrolysis kinetics of CCl(4) behind reflected shock waves was studied with high-repetition-rate time-of-flight mass spectrometry. For modeling, quantum mechanical calculations were performed to evaluate the dissociation energies of CCl bonds for the different CCl(x) (x = 1 to 4) radicals. Good agreement with the JANAF thermochemical table was found. With the reaction mechanism developed for CCl(4) decomposition satisfactory agreement with experimental results was obtained. The investigations show the importance of C(2)Cl(2) formation for understanding the processes of carbon cluster growth leading to carbonaceous particle formation.

Quantum phenomena in ignition and detonation at elevated density.

The influence of quantum effects on the processes of initiation of combustion and detonation of hydrogen and acetylene near the low-temperature limits at elevated pressures is analyzed. A theoretical consideration which allows quantification of the quantum corrections to the rate constants of endothermic reactions associated with an increase in the high-energy tail of the equilibrium momentum distribution function at high pressures is presented. This quantum effect is caused by a manifestation of the principle of uncertainty for the energy of the colliding particles at a high frequency of collisions. It is shown that significant deviations of experimentally observed ignition and detonation delay time from the predictions of kinetic calculations are quite well described by the proposed quantum corrections. This general mechanism should be considered in the safety problem with emergency emissions of hydrogen at nuclear power stations, as well as problems of the safe production and storage of hydrogen and acetylene, which have a fundamental importance for industry and power engineering.

Tension of freely suspended fluid filaments.

Stable fluid filaments with diameters of several micrometers and slenderness ratios well above 1000 are unique objects formed by some liquid crystalline phases of bent-core mesogens. We present a technique to determine filament tensions from their deflection under defined loads. A strong temperature dependence is observed, with a minimum near the clearing temperature. Both the nonlinear relation between filament tension and diameter and the substantial increase of the tension with lower temperatures indicate contributions of volume terms, in addition to surface capillary forces. We discuss a model that relates these bulk terms to elastic forces, originating from the undulated smectic layer structure. This model can explain the origin of the filament stability.

Two-dimensional microrheology of freely suspended liquid crystal films.

Smectic liquid crystals form freely-suspended, fluid films of highly uniform structure and thickness, making them ideal systems for studies of hydrodynamics in two dimensions. We have measured particle mobility and shear viscosity by direct observation of the gravitational drift of silica spheres and smectic islands included in these fluid membranes. In thick films, we observe a hydrodynamic regime dominated by lateral confinement effects, with the mobility of the inclusion determined predominantly by coupling of the fluid flow to the fixed boundaries of the film. In thin films, the mobility of inclusions is governed primarily by coupling of the fluid to the surrounding air, as predicted by Saffman-Delbrück theory.

Bundles of fluid fibers formed by bent-core molecules.

The internal structures, stability, and elastic properties of free-standing filament bundles of bent-core smectic liquid crystals are studied using polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and a customized cantilever containing, temperature controlled heat stage for force measurements. We find that in bundles, the individual filaments fuse together to form semiseparable filaments with radii approximately two and three times larger than the individual fibers. We also find that the effective surface tension of wide bundles is about 10% smaller than a single filament. Finally, we describe the metastable coexistences of single fibers within the bundles that lead to bending of the bundles. All of these observations were explained with simple macroscopic models.

Detonation wave driven by condensation of supersaturated carbon vapor.

An experimental observation of a detonation wave driven by the energy of condensation of supersaturated carbon vapor is reported. The carbon vapor was formed by the thermal decay of unstable carbon suboxide C3O2 behind shock waves in mixtures containing 10-30% C3O2 in Ar. In the mixture 10% C3O2+Ar the insufficient heat release resulted in a regime of overdriven detonation. In the mixture 20% C3O2+Ar measured values of the pressure and wave velocity coincident with calculated Chapman-Jouguet parameters were attained. In the richest mixture 30% C3O2+Ar an excess heat release caused the slowing down of the condensation rate and the regime of underdriven detonation was observed.

[Effect of herbicide tralkoxydim and 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones on peroxidase activity].

Effect of 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-dione derivatives (tralkoxydim and its diketone precursors) on peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), o-phenylenediamine (PDA), and the phenol-4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) couple has been studied. This effect varies from horseradish peroxidase (HRP) inactivation to activation in the reactions of peroxidation ofTMB, PDA, and, to a lesser extent, the phenol-4-AAP couple. The diketone-mediated HRP activation depends strongly on pH, presence of dimethylformamide, the structures of tralkoxydim and other diketones, and the substrate nature. The type of activation in the course of peroxidation with the presence of tralkoxydim can be noncompetitive (PDA and TMB) or mixed (TMB) depending on conditions. The maximal level of the HRP activation mediated by diketones depends on their structure. It can reach 4000% of the initial HRP-catalyzed peroxidation rate for TMB and ca. 1000% for PDA. A test system is proposed for quantitative tralkoxydim assay at millimolar concentration. It includes HRP and TMB as the substrate with spectrometrical monitoring of the TMB peroxidation product at 655 nm.

Multistage polar switching in bent-core mesogens.

We report a novel type of electro-optical switching in a tilted smectic phase of bent-shaped mesogens. The switching consists of a continuous stage and two bistable transitions. Detailed optical and electro-optical measurements using high-speed imaging are given and possible interpretations of the experimental results are discussed.

[Use of cadmium hydroxide gel for isolation of extracellular catalases from Penicillium piceum and characterization of purified enzymes].

We optimized the conditions for isolation of extracellular catalases from Penicillium piceum F-648 and P. piceum A3 by means of volume chromatography with cadmium hydroxide gel. Our study showed that 55-57 mg wet gel are sufficient for the maximum sorption of catalase from 1 ml of culture fluid. This gel was formed in 1 ml 70 mM Cd(NO3)2 after addition of NaOH (Cd(NO3)2/NaOH molar ratio 1:2.2). The eluting solution contained 50 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.0), 5.0 mM dithiothreitol, and 0.3% sodium cholate and was potent in desorbing catalase from the gel. Subsequent ultrafiltration of the eluate on the membrane with a retention limit of 50 kDa allowed us to concentrate and purify the sample from low-molecular-weight protein impurities. NH4Cl (1.0 M) containing 0.3% sodium cholate was used to wash the sample from low-molecular-weight aromatic metabolites. Purified catalases included 33-34% antiparallel beta-structures and 9% alpha-spirals. Under optimal conditions in the medium of 10 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.0) at 30 degrees C, catalases from P. piceum F-648 were characterized by the following parameters: K(M), 158.8 mM; catalytic constant, 2.83 x 10(6) s(-1); enzyme inactivation rate constant in H2O2 decomposition, 3.5 x 10(-2) s(-1); and constant of the interaction between catalase complex I and second molecule of H2O2, 1.8 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1).