RESUMO
Toxic metals are one of the significant groups of chemical contaminants that humans are exposed to by oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. Exposure to these chemicals begins with intrauterine life and continues during lactation period at the first years of life. Breastfeeding has a much more special place than other nutrition options for infants. However, when possibility of contaminant transfer by breast milk is considered, its safety and quality is essential. Regarding infant and mother health and limited number of information on this field in Turkey, measuring contamination levels in breast milk is important. Therefore, in the present study, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry in 64 breast milk samples obtained from mothers from Ankara, Turkey. Pb and Ni levels in breast milk samples were found to be 391.45±269.01 µg/l and 43.94±33.82 µg/l (mean ± SD), respectively. Cd was found only in one of 64 samples, and the level was 4.62 µg/l. As level was below the limit of quantification (LOQ, 7.6 µg/l) in all samples. These findings will accurately direct strategies and solutions of protection against contaminants in order to reduce their levels in biological fluids.
Assuntos
Arsênio/análise , Cádmio/análise , Chumbo/análise , Leite Humano/química , Níquel/análise , Arsênio/química , Cádmio/química , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/química , Feminino , Humanos , Lactação , Chumbo/química , Limite de Detecção , Níquel/química , Espectrofotometria Atômica , TurquiaRESUMO
The carboxylic acid group of the anti-inflammatory drug, (S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl) propanoic acid, naproxen (CAS 22204-53-1) was reacted with the substituted ethylamine derivatives to form (S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-N-substituted ethyl propanamides by using N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the compounds were assessed in vivo by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and p-benzoquinone induced abdominal contraction tests in mice, respectively. In addition, the ulcerogenic properties of the new compounds were evaluated, and compared to that of naproxen. Among the newly synthesized compounds, compound 2f showed the highest analgesic and antiinflammatory activity at 100 mg/kg oral dose, without inducing any gastric lesion. Although this compound induced less gastric lesions than naproxen, it was found to have less anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity when compared to indometacin (CAS 53-86-1). These new compounds therefore deserve further attention to develop new lead drugs.
Assuntos
Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Naftalenos/síntese química , Naftalenos/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Benzoquinonas , Carragenina , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Desenho de Fármacos , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/patologia , Edema/prevenção & controle , Pé/patologia , Indicadores e Reagentes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , Naproxeno/efeitos adversos , Naproxeno/farmacologia , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Dor/prevenção & controle , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Several 5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(aroylmethyl)thio-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. All compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by determining their ability to provide protection against carregeenan-induced edema in rat paw. In addition, ulcerogenic activity was determined. The anti-inflammatory data scoring showed that compounds 5e, 5f and 5g, at the dose of 100 mg/kg, exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, which for compound 5f was comparable to that of the reference drug indometacin (CAS 53-86-1).
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Oxidiazóis/síntese química , Oxidiazóis/farmacologia , Tionas/síntese química , Tionas/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/toxicidade , Carragenina , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/prevenção & controle , Pé/patologia , Indicadores e Reagentes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Modelos Moleculares , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Úlcera Gástrica/induzido quimicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/patologiaRESUMO
A series of 1,2,5-trisubstituted 4(1H)-pyridinone derivatives (7-14) were synthesised by using 4-pyrone derivatives with primary amines in ethanol. The structures of the synthesised compounds were confirmed by analytical and spectral data (UV, IR and 1H-NMR and microanalysis). Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the synthesised compounds were investigated by acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome and carrageenan rat paw edema tests. All of the test compounds exhibited higher analgesic activities than acetyl salicylic acid and showed higher antiinflammatory activities than indomethacin. The anti-inflammatory activity and gastric ulceration potential of the compounds were tested using indomethacin as reference drug.