Anakinra, una alternativa potencial en el tratamiento de la infección respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria a tocilizumab / Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab

El virus SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo virus RNA causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, declarada como pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Produce un cuadro de neumonía atípica que puede desembocar en un fallo multiorgánico. La desregulación del sistema inmune secundaria a la infección produce un cuadro similar al síndrome de linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica (SLHH). Varios estudios han definido la importancia que los inhibidores de la IL-6 (tocilizumab) tienen en el tratamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, sin embargo, la indicación de tratamiento con inhibidores de IL-1 (anakinra) no se encuentra establecida de forma clara.Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 51 años con neumonía bilateral secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria al tratamiento antiviral y anti-IL-6 que presentó mejoría clínica y analítica tras el tratamiento con anti-IL-1 (anakinra).(AU)

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established.We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra).(AU)

Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab.

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established. We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra).

Response to Treatment with an Anti-Interleukin-6 Receptor Antibody (Tocilizumab) in a Patient with Hemophagocytic Syndrome Secondary to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Background. Immunotherapy represents one of the fundamental treatments in the management of some types of cancer, especially malignant melanoma. Toxicity derived from increased immune system activity can manifest in multiple organs and systems. We present a case of hematological toxicity, manifested as hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS), which was successfully treated with an anti-interleukin-6 antibody (tocilizumab). Case Report. This case presents a 75-year-old woman diagnosed with metastatic choroidal melanoma, refractory to several lines of treatment. After the failure of the previous lines, ipilimumab was started. After the third dose, she developed grade 2 thrombocytopenia and anemia accompanied by elevated levels of ferritin, triglycerides, and decreased fibrinogen. Hemophagocytosis was observed in the bone marrow biopsy, and a PET-CT showed splenomegaly with increased metabolism. Treatment was based on high doses of corticosteroids and tocilizumab. Four days after the start of treatment, progressive clinical and analytical improvement was observed, achieving total remission of the condition. Discussion. HPS induced by immunotherapy is due to an immunorelated cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The administration of the anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody drug acted on this cytokine cascade, leading to stabilization and subsequent remission. For this reason, the use of tocilizumab should be part of the immunotherapy-induced HPS treatment algorithm.

Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab. / Anakinra, una alternativa potencial en el tratamiento de la infección respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria a tocilizumab.

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established. We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra).

Anakinra, una alternativa potencial en el tratamiento de la infección respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria a tocilizumab / Anakinra as a potential alternative in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 refractory to tocilizumab

El virus SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo virus RNA causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, declarada como pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Produce un cuadro de neumonía atípica que puede desembocar en un fallo multiorgánico. La desregulación del sistema inmune secundaria a la infección produce un cuadro similar al síndrome de linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica (SLHH). Varios estudios han definido la importancia que los inhibidores de la IL-6 (tocilizumab) tienen en el tratamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, sin embargo, la indicación de tratamiento con inhibidores de IL-1 (anakinra) no se encuentra establecida de forma clara. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 51 años con neumonía bilateral secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2 refractaria al tratamiento antiviral y anti-IL-6 que presentó mejoría clínica y analítica tras el tratamiento con anti-IL-1 (anakinra)

SARS-CoV-2 is a new RNA virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). It triggers an atypical pneumonia that can progress to multiorgan failure. COVID-19 can cause dysregulation of the immune system, triggering an inflammatory response, and simulate haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Several studies have proposed that anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies, such as tocilizumab, play an important role in the treatment of severe acute respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2. However, the role of anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies, such as anakinra, in the treatment of COVID-19 has not been established. We present a case report of a 51-year-old man diagnosed with severe respiratory infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 that was refractory to antiviral and anti-IL-6 treatment, with a favourable clinical outcome and analytical improvement after treatment with anti-IL-1 (anakinra)

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung with atypical evolution and a remarkable response to lutetium Lu 177 dotatate.

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (LCNEC) is a high-grade, poorly differentiated tumor that typically does not express somatostatin receptors. Thus, it does not benefit from treatment with somatostatin analogs and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The current study objective was to demonstrate that treatment with PRRT may be a valid option in neuroendocrine carcinomas with high expression of somatostatin receptors. This is a case report of a 58-year-old man who was diagnosed with LCNEC and received chemotherapy treatment with little benefit. Extensive hepatic and bone metastasis was detected on 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy following high uptake of the radionuclide by the tumors. The patient benefitted from neuroendocrine treatment initially and from lutetium Lu 177 dotatate subsequently. A significant clinical and radiological response was observed, along with an improvement in quality of life. The use of PRRT is a valid alternative to chemotherapy in patients with LCNEC involving the expression of somatostin receptors.