[Polymyositis secondary to a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. / Polimiositis secundaria a un linfoma no Hodgkin.

TITLE: Polimiositis secundaria a un linfoma no Hodgkin.

Muerte cerebral no es un término sinónimo de muerte encefálica / Cerebral death is not a synonym of whole brain death

No disponible

Interacciones farmacológicas en el tratamiento de la disfunción eréctil / Drug interactions in the treatment of erectile dysfunction

Los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa tipo 5 (FDE-5) se utilizan en el tratamiento de la disfunción eréctil (DE). Los pacientes con esta afección a menudo presentan numerosas comorbilidades y reciben tratamiento con múltiples fármacos, con el consiguiente riesgo de sufrir interacciones farmacológicas de diferente relevancia clínica. El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una revisión de la bibliografía sobre las interacciones farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas de los inhibidores de la FDE-5, así como las precauciones de uso en poblaciones especiales. Los inhibidores de la FDE-5 son metabolizados en el citocromo P450, isoenzima 3A4, por lo que generan un fuerte potencial de interacciones farmacocinéticas con inductores e inhibidores de dichas isoenzimas. En cuanto a las interacciones de tipo farmacodinámico, la administración conjunta de inhibidores de la FDE-5 y nitratos está absolutamente contraindicada debido a la potenciación del efecto hipotensor de estos últimos. Se recomienda precaución durante el contratamiento con bloqueadores alfa debido al riesgo de hipotensión ortostática. En los sujetos mayores de 65 años y en pacientes con insuficiencia hepática y/o renal es necesario un ajuste de la dosis (AU)

Fosfodiesterase-5 (FDE-5) inhibitors are used for the treatment of patients with erectile dysfunction (DE). This population often has numerous comorbidities and receives treatment with multiple medications, with the subsequent risk of drug interactions of different clinical relevance. The aim of this article is to review the published literature on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics drug-drug interactions involving FDE-5 inhibitors. FDE-5 inhibitors are metabolized by cytochrome P450, isoenzymes 3A4, creating a strong potential for pharmacokinetic interactions with inhibitors and inducers of these isoenzymes. There are precautions regarding the use of FDE-5 inhibitors inpatients taking alpha blockers as some patients may develop orthostatic hypotension. Organic nitrates remain an absolute contraindication for FDE-5 inhibitors because synergistic and symptomatic reductions in blood pressure in some patients with this drug combination. In elderly population, renal and/or hepatic insufficiency doses reduction are needed (AU)

Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional

A ABRAPEE foi fundada em 1990 por um grupo de psicólogos interessados em congregar os estudiosos e profissionais da área, visando o reconhecimento legal da necessidade do psicólogo escolar nas instituições de ensino, bem como estimular e divulgar pesquisas nas áreas de psicologia escolar e educacional.A Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional é uma sociedade civil, sem fins lucrativos, que tem por finalidade incentivar o crescimento da ciência e da profissão de psicólogo escolar e educacional, como um meio de promover o bem-estar e o desenvolvimento humano, enfocando para isto o processo educacional no seu sentido mais amplo.

[Mononeuropathy in chronic lymphatic leukaemia]. / Mononeuropatía en la leucemia linfática crónica.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) is the most frequent form of leukaemia in the adult population in western countries. Only 7.2% of the complications of CLL are neurological and most of them are secondary to an infection by herpes zoster virus. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 71-year-old female with B-type CLL in stage IV or type C that was progressing and becoming diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter's syndrome), who developed an incomplete axonotmesis of the left peroneal nerve and numerous violet-coloured nodules under the skin in the left knee. Magnetic resonance imaging showed signs of diffuse infiltration into the subcutaneous tissue and the muscles of the left leg; a biopsy study of one of the subcutaneous nodules revealed a lymphoid infiltration by large B-cells. In this patient, the injury to the left peroneal nerve was probably secondary to a lymphoid infiltration of the nerve from adjacent infiltrated soft tissues. CONCLUSION: Peripheral neuropathy due to direct infiltration can be a neurological complication of CLL that has not be reported to date, but which is known to occur in other lymphoproliferative processes.

Mononeuropatía en la leucemia linfática crónica / Monotherapy in chronic lymphatic leukaemia

Introducción. La leucemia linfática crónica (LLC) es la leucemia de la población adulta más frecuente en los países occidentales. Sólo un 7,2% de las complicaciones de la LLC son neurológicas y la mayoría es secundaria a una infección por el virus herpes zoster. Caso clínico. Mujer de 71 años con LLC de tipo B en estadio IV o de tipo C en progresión y transformación a linfoma B difuso de células grandes (síndrome de Richter), que desarrolla una axonotmnesis incompleta del nervio peroneo izquierdo y múltiples nódulos violáceos subcutáneos en la rodilla izquierda. La resonancia magnética objetivó signos de infiltración difusa en el tejido subcutáneo y en los músculos de la pierna izquierda, y la biopsia de uno de los nódulos subcutáneos, una infiltración linfoide por célula B grande. En esta paciente, la lesión del nervio peroneo izquierdo probablemente fue secundaria a una infiltración linfoide del nervio proveniente de los tejidos blandos infiltrados adyacentes. Conclusión. La neuropatía periférica por infiltración directa puede ser una complicación neurológica de la LLC, no descrita hasta ahora, pero conocida en otros procesos linfoproliferativos

Introduction. Chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) is the most frequent form of leukaemia in the adult population in western countries. Only 7.2% of the complications of CLL are neurological and most of them are secondary to an infection by herpes zoster virus. Case report. We report the case of a 71-year-old female with B-type CLL in stage IV or type C that was progressing and becoming diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter’s syndrome), who developed an incomplete axonotmesis of the left peroneal nerve and numerous violet-coloured nodules under the skin in the left knee. Magnetic resonance imaging showed signs of diffuse infiltration into the subcutaneous tissue and the muscles of the left leg; a biopsy study of one of the subcutaneous nodules revealed a lymphoid infiltration by large B-cells. In this patient, the injury to the left peroneal nerve was probably secondary to a lymphoid infiltration of the nerve from adjacent infiltrated soft tissues. Conclusion. Peripheral neuropathy due to direct infiltration can be a neurological complication of CLL that has not be reported to date, but which is known to occur in other lymphoproliferative processes

Plasma electrophoretogram in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and/or feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infections.

The electrophoretogram of 89 cats, including those infected by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV+), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV+) and non-infected, showed statistically significant differences in several of the fractions. FIV+ cats had very high protein values (mean, 8.10 g/dl), mostly because of hypergammaglobulinemia (mean, 2.81 g/dl) as compared with non-infected animals and FeLV+. In addition, in these FIV+ animals, the albumin/globulins ratio (A/G) was very low (mean, 0.72). Statistically significant differences in A/G and alpha2-globulin fraction were observed in FeLV+ group (A/G mean, 0.88 +/- 0.08; alpha2-globulin, mean, 0.84 +/- 0.07 g/dl) when compared with non-infected group (A/G mean, 1.06 +/- 0.08; alpha2-globulin mean, 0.68 +/- 0.04 g/dl). The alpha1-globulin fraction was higher in double infected animals (FIV and FeLV positive, F-F) (3.55 g/dl), than in FeLV+ or FIV+ cats (3.10 and 3.07 g/dl respectively), but no statistical conclusions may be drawn from this fact because of the low number of F-F animals. This technique may help to assess the initial clinical status of retrovirus-infected cats, and the clinical course of these chronic diseases, specifically during and after suitable therapy.

Psicologia Escolar e Educacional

Publicação semestral da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional (ABRAPEE), destinada a apresentação de pesquisas atuais no campo da psicologia escolar e educacional e a divulgação do conhecimento produzido na área. A página disponibiliza somente os sumários dos números de 1996 a 2000 e os textos completos a partir de 2001

Analysis of feline urinary calculi and urethral plugs by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

The chemical constituents of 34 feline urinary calculi and five urethral plugs were analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that 18 (52.9 per cent) of the calculi contained magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) as the major component; 10 (29.4 per cent) contained complex ammonium urates (three of them also containing calcium phosphate, mainly on the surface); three were composed of calcium phosphates and three were composed mainly of calcium oxalate mono and dihydrates. The urethral plugs were composed primarily of struvite, but also contained large amounts of organic matter. The examination of 16 selected samples by scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive x-ray analysis revealed that their crystalline structures were similar to those of canine stones.

Tratamiento endovascular inmediato con stent graff en laceración de aorta torácica traumática / Treatment with endovascular stent graff in laceration the traumatic thoracic aorta

Paciente de 32 años, que ingresa a la sala de guardia por sufrir poliltraumatismo secundario a accidente automovilístico. Se le realiza Rx de tórax que evidencia ensanchamietno de mediastino con sospecha clínica y por estudios con TAC y ecotransesofágico de rotura de aorta torácica, confirmada por angiografía de aorta descendente que muestra una imagen compatible con pseudoaneurisma. Debido a que la paciente persiste hipotensa, se decide tratamiento inmediato por vía endovascular, colocando un stent graft expandible con balón, con resultado exitoso y sin complicaciones. En el seguimiento con TAC con contraste al mes, a los 6 meses y al año, no se observaron alteraciones de la prótesis ni leaks peri protésico o re-estenosis. Palabras clave: Stent graft, ruptura traumática, pseudoaneurisma, accidente de tráfico.

Seroepidemiological survey of infection by feline leukemia virus and immunodeficiency virus in Madrid and correlation with some clinical aspects.

A study of 180 healthy cats found that 15.6% were feline leukemia virus (FeLV) positive, 8.3% were feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) positive, and 1.1% were FIV and FeLV positive, which corresponded to 30.4, 13.8, and 2.6, of 115 cats with FIV- and FeLV-related symptoms, respectively. Differences were seen in the sexes and ages of the populations studied. Anemia, leukopenia, and lymphopenia were the most frequent hematological abnormalities in infected cats.

Spectroscopic and ultrastructural comparative study of cystine calculi in humans and dogs.

The careful analysis of cystine calculi may be important to detect the presence of other urinary alterations (such as hyperuricosuria, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria or bacterial infections) that coexist with cystinuria in many patients. For this reason, in the present study, 14 human and 17 canine cystine uroliths have been studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). According to the infrared analysis, most of the human and canine stones were composed of nearly pure cystine. However, in these calculi of apparently pure cystine, the study by SEM and EDX showed in many cases the presence of small amounts of calcium apatite. The infrared study of several samples heated at 750 degrees C confirmed the presence of phosphate, when it was difficult to detect this component in the spectra of the original samples owing to band overlapping. Other components detected in varying proportions in cystine calculi were magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite), calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite), calcium oxalate (mono and/or dihydrate) and, in one case, a drug (oxolinic acid).

Infrared and atomic spectrometry analysis of the mineral composition of a series of equine sabulous material samples and urinary calculi.

Atomic spectrometry has been used in 20 samples of equine urinary sabulous deposits in order to detect minor elements accompanying the predominant element, calcium, which is present in the form of calcium carbonate (calcite and/or vaterite). The elements measured have been (besides calcium) magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, copper and manganese. Phosphates, sulphates and silica are frequently present as minor constituents of equine urinary sabulous deposits and uroliths, but their detection can be difficult by infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the original samples due to overlapping with the bands of calcium carbonate. For that reason, the calcination residues of six urinary calculi and 33 samples of sabulous material have been studied by IR spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results confirm the presence of the above mentioned minor constituents in most samples studied.

Minor constituents of sabulous material in equine urine.

The secondary constituents accompanying calcite and vaterite (crystalline forms of calcium carbonate) in the sabulous deposits from 140 vesical samples and one renal sample of equine urine were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Apatitic calcium phosphate, present in 12 per cent of the samples, generally appeared in the form of spherulites with smooth and rough surfaces. Calcium sulphate, clearly detected by IR in 12.7 per cent of the samples, did not have a characteristic structure under SEM, although EDX detected sulphur in the samples. Amorphous silica was observed in one case and had a nodular appearance. Organic fibres were not as common as might have been expected in equine urinary deposits.

Crystalline composition of equine urinary sabulous deposits.

The composition and crystal morphology of 141 equine sabulous deposits were determined by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The IR analysis revealed that all investigated deposits contained calcium carbonates (calcite, CaCO3, and/or vaterite, CaCO3) as major constituents; 42 samples were composed of calcite and vaterite, 33 of calcite, 18 of calcite/vaterite and calcium oxalate, and 17 of vaterite. The remaining specimens contained calcite/vaterite and other compounds (calcium phosphates, sulphate and/or oxalates and/or silica). The examination of 44 selected samples by means of SEM/EDX, revealed the characteristic morphology and elemental composition of the constituents of the sabulous deposits. Calcite crystals showed a typical spherical shape, as well as other less common rhombohedral habit. Vaterite displayed a "flower" or "star" appearance and also a "mulberry" shape. Less frequent was a spherular habit for vaterite resembling that of calcite. Elemental analysis of both calcite and vaterite crystals showed, besides calcium, varying proportions of magnesium and potassium. It is concluded that calcite and vaterite were mainly present in a substituted form. Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals showed their characteristic bipyramidal morphology. Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, which were less frequent, exhibited "dumbbell" or "hour-glass" shape.

Chronopharmacology of melatonin: inhibition by benzodiazepine antagonism.

We endeavored to determine whether three behavioral effects of melatonin in rodents, i.e., depression of locomotor activity in hamsters, analgesia in mice, and impairment of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP) convulsions, exhibited the time dependency known to occur for several neuroendocrine effects of the hormone. Activity was monitored and registered by means of an optical actometer, and analgesia was assessed by the hot-plate procedure. Locomotor activity, analgesia, and seizure susceptibility were maximal at the beginning of the scotophase and minimal at noon. The effects of melatonin on the three parameters peaked at early night. The administration of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, although unable by itself to modify locomotor activity, pain, or seizure threshold, blunted the activity of melatonin. These results suggest that the time-dependent effects of melatonin on specific rodent behaviors may be mediated by central synapses employing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as an inhibitory transmitter.

Melatonin-induced depression of locomotor activity in hamsters: time-dependency and inhibition by the central-type benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether melatonin-induced depression of locomotor activity in hamsters is time-dependent and to analyze the inhibitory effects of the central-type benzodiazepine (BZP) antagonist Ro 15-1788 on melatonin-induced depression of locomotor behavior. Activity was monitored and registered by means of an optical actometer. Two phases of locomotor behavior were found. The initial phase, found both at noon and during the evening, exhibited an absence of diurnal variability, while a second long-lasting phase of activity exhibited a peak at early night. The IP injection of melatonin (minimal effective dose: 100 micrograms/kg) inhibited the early phase of activity at 1200 or 2000 h. Inhibition of the late phase of activity was found at 2000 or 0400 h, but not at midnight. When assessed at 2000 h, melatonin depression of the early phase of locomotor activity attained significance after 5 days of injection, while its effect on the late phase of activity attained significance during the second day of injection. The administration of Ro 15-1788, although unable by itself to modify locomotor activity, significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of melatonin. These results indicate the existence of a time-dependency for melatonin activity on locomotor behavior similar to that known to occur for other effects of the hormone, and further support a link between melatonin and the activity of central type BZP receptors.