[Physical activity and disease]. / Actividad física y enfermedad.

The sedentarism is a frecuent situation in our modern society, and represents a risk factor for a vast array of pathology. The physical activity produces several positive effects, which decreases the general morbi-mortality of the population. There is made a commentary about some definitions: Exercise, activity and physical form, aerobic and anaerobic work, muscle exercise. Their pathophysiology and their health benefits. We described the measurement procedures: calorimetry, oxigen consum, accelerometers, pulsometers and cuestionnaries. There is finally done a review upon practical norms.

Actividad física y enfermedad / Physical activity and disease

El sedentarismo es hoy día muy frecuente en nuestra sociedad y constituye un factor de riesgo para una amplia patología. La actividad física proporciona unos efectos beneficiosos múltiples que disminuyen la morbi-mortalidad general. Se establecen las diferencias entre ejercicio, actividad y forma física. Se comentan las particularidades fisiopatológicas de los ejercicios aerobio y anaerobio y sus beneficios sobre la salud. Se enumeran los principales procedimientos de medida de la actividad física: calorimetría, METS, cuentapasos, pulsómetros y encuestas-cuestionario. Se describen referencias prácticas para llevar a cabo un actividad física suficiente en la vida diaria (AU)

Un caso de mielomeningocele, hipoplasia del sacro, amputación de miembro inferior por abscesos dérmicos en el que se detecta déficit de anticuerpos antipolisacáridos / A case of myelomeningocele, hypoplasia of the sacrum, amputation of lower limb due to dermal abscesses

El enfermo con mielomeningocele presenta entre otros síntomas, parálisis, tanto mayor cuanto más alto es el nivel, déficit sensitivos, deformidades en miembros inferiores, en parte producidas por el inicio de la carga, y trastornos urológicos. Describimos el caso de un paciente con mielomeningocele y múltiples infecciones dérmicas a lo largo de su crecimiento que conllevó la amputación del miembro inferior izquierdo. La frecuencia de abscesos y episodios de sepsis generalizadas, nos llevó a estudiar su sistema inmunológico, detectándose un déficit inmunológico de anticuerpos. Un tratamiento integral, tanto de los factores extrínsecos que podían producir los roces, mediante ayudas ortoprotésicas; de los factores locales mediante cirugía y de los factores intrínsecos mediante gammaglobulina, ha conseguido resolver los problemas que el paciente aquejaba. (AU)

[Obesity and distribution of body fat. Correlation between anthropometric and tomographic data on areas at the abdominal level]. / Obesidad y distribución de la grasa corporal. Relaciones entre antropometría y áreas tomográficas a nivel abdominal.

In a sample made up of 83 males and 68 females different parameters and external anthropometric indexes were compared (folds, perimeters and indexes of central fat distribution) with direct measurements of abdominal fat obtained by computerized tomography (visceral fat, subcutaneous fat and visceral/subcutaneous index). Anthropometric and tomographic differences between males and females were determined. Likewise, an analysis was made of variations in the fat pattern and subcutaneous and intra-abdominal visceral fat deposits, considering age and overweight. The results obtained in this study reveal different fat patterns for each sex, changes with age in body fat distribution, and different usefulness of external anthropometric measures in males and females to predict fat deposits and their distribution at the abdominal level.

[Diet and hypertriglyceridemia: influence of dietary modifications on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins in patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia]. / Dieta e hipertrigliceridemia: influencia de las modificaciones dietéticas sobre los lípidos, lipoproteínas y apoproteínas plasmáticas en pacientes con hipertrigliceridemia primaria.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the influence of dietary changes on plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins in 10 patients with hypertriglyceridemia (plasma triglycerides greater than 1000 mg/dl). METHODS: A sequential study with three periods was designed: 1) Inclusion with uncontrolled free diet; 2) Two weeks of a diet with about 1000 calories/day, controlled with a daily survey; and 3) One week of "free" diet of about 2000 calories. At the end of the three periods the following were measured in each patient: weight, glycemia, plasma IRI and C-peptide, plasma, triglycerides, cholesterol, chylomicron, VLDL, LDL and HDL cholesterol. At the end of the second and third periods the caloric and immediate principles intake were individually considered. RESULTS: A reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in all cases after the caloric reduction, and also a disappearance of chylomicrons. The reduction of triglycerides took place in all lipoproteins. By contrast, after the low-calorie diet only the VLDL-cholesterol was reduced, while LDL- and HDL-cholesterol increased. The apo C-III/apo C-II ratio was significantly reduced after the low-calorie diet. The plasma glycemia, IRI and C-peptide were negatively correlated with LDL-cholesterol and with the apo C-III/apo C-II ratio. The best model to explain the oscillations of plasma triglycerides depending on the diet was that including the three ingested immediate principles together with the total diet calories. CONCLUSIONS: During the caloric restriction there would be an increased catabolism of VLDL to LDL. This reduction would be mediated by C-III and C-II apoproteins, probably through the oscillations of plasma IRI.

[Computerized tomography of the pituitary gland in the diagnosis of prolactinoma: a concordance study]. / La tomografía computadorizada de hipófisis en el diagnóstico de los prolactinomas: estudio de concordancia.

BACKGROUND: The diagnostic capacity of computed tomography (CT) of the pituitary gland in the diagnosis of prolactinomas is difficult to define in terms of specificity and sensitivity since, up to the present, there is no definite diagnostic test for prolactin producing tumors. The aim of this study is to establish the consistency of CT of the hypophysis in the diagnosis of the prolactinomas based on a concordance design. METHODS: In the follow-up study of 48 patients diagnosed as affected of prolactinoma a concordance study was carried out on the blind lecture of 35 pituitary gland CT by two radiologists. RESULTS: The degree of concordance for all the diagnosis (kappa = 0.58) was greater than what might be expected by chance. The degree of concordance was also different for the different diagnosis given by the two radiologists: empty sella turcica, kappa = 0.84 (p less than 0.01); macroprolactinoma, kappa = 0.68 (p less than 0.01); microprolactinoma, kappa = 0.45 (p less than 0.01) and normal sella turcica, kappa = 0.28 (NS). CONCLUSIONS: CT of the hypophysis must be less sensitive (more false negatives) in cases of high prolactin due to microprolactinomas and less specific (more false positives) in cases of high prolactin due to a cause other than pituitary tumor, thereby making it a complementary diagnostic test to clinical evaluation and to prolactin determinations.

[Effect of various levels of alcohol consumption on plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins]. / Influencia de diversos grados de consumo de alcohol sobre las lipoproteínas y apolipoproteínas plasmáticas.

To assess the abnormalities induced by alcohol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and their possibly involved mechanisms three basis of the daily intake: social drinkers (less than or equal to 20 g/day; n = 10), moderate drinkers (greater than 20 to less than 70 g/day; n = 11), and severe drinkers (greater than or equal to 70 g/day; n = 15). Eleven nondrinkers were evaluated as control group. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL)-2 and HDL-3 were isolated by preparative sequential isopicnic centrifugation, and their apolipoprotein and lipidic composition were measured. In the group of severe drinkers, a marked tendency of HDL-3 cholesterol to be higher than in the remaining groups was found. There was no correlation between this parameter and hepatic enzymes. The HDL-2 cholesterol of severe drinkers was significantly increased (p less than 0.005). The parallel enrichment in apolipoproteins C of the HDL-2 particle in all groups of alcohol users suggests a transfer phenomenon from VLDL. The apoA/C ratio of HDL-2 might be useful as a marker of alcohol intake.

[Area mesencephalica on the raphe and its importance. (Stereometric reconstruction in cat) (author's trnsl)]. / Die Area mesencephalica an der Raphe und ihre Bedeutung. (Eine stereometrische Rekonstruktion bei der Katze).

The cat's mesencephalic raphe, caudally extended to the locus ceruleus and rostrally to the habenulo-interpedunculary area, was reconstructed with foamy-plastic plates in a stereotaxis ensemble of the brainstem. This reconstruction serves as an important reference to the topography and for interpreting the functional background of the stereotaxic lesions accumulated in the last 5 years. The alterations of the lung's alveolar interstitium after the nervous lesions, were classified in different groups of common evolution.