Genome-wide association studies of Ca and Mn in the seeds of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

SNP markers linked to genes controlling Ca and Mn uptake were identified in the common bean seeds using DArT-based association mapping (AM). The Ca concentration in the seeds varied between 475 and 3,100 mg kg-1 with an average of 1,280.9 mg kg-1 and the Mn concentration ranged from 4.87 to 27.54 mg kg-1 with a mean of 11.76 mg kg-1. A total of 19,204 SNP markers were distributed across 11 chromosomes that correspond to the haploid genome number of the common bean. The highest value of ΔK was determined as K = 2, and 173 common bean genotypes were split into two main subclusters as POP1 (Mesoamerican) and POP2 (Andean). The results of the UPGMA dendrogram and PCA confirmed those of STRUCTURE analysis. MLM based on the Q + K model identified a large number of markers-trait associations. Of the 19,204 SNPs, five (on Pv2, 3, 8, 10 and 11) and four (on Pv2, 3, 8 and 11) SNPs were detected to be significantly related to the Ca content of the beans grown in Bornova and Menemen, respectively in 2015. In 2016, six SNPs (on Pv1-4, 8 and 10) were identified to be significantly associated with the Ca content of the seeds obtained from Bornova and six SNPs (on Pv1-4, 8 and 10) from Menemen. Eight (on Pv3, 5 and 11) and four (on Pv2, 5 and 11) SNPs had a significant association with Mn content in Bornova in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In Menemen, eight (on Pv3, 5, 8 and 11) and 11 (on Pv1, 2, 5, 10 and 11) SNPs had a significant correlation with Mn content in 2015 and 2016, respectively.

Association mapping for five agronomic traits in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

BACKGROUND: The common bean is the most important grain legume and a major source of protein in many developing countries. We analysed the following traits: pod fibre (PF), seeds per pod (SPP), plant type (PT), growth habit (GH), and days to flowering (DF) for a set of diverse common bean accessions and determined whether such traits were associated with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. RESULTS: In this study, 66 common bean genotypes were used and genotyped with 233 AFLP, 105 SNP and 80 SSR markers. The association analysis between markers and five traits was performed using a General Linear Model (GLM) in Trait Analysis by aSSociation, Evolution and Linkage (TASSEL). The population structure was determined using the STRUCTURE software, and seven groups (K = 7) were identified among genotypes. The associations for such traits were identified and quantified; 62 markers were associated with the five traits. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that association mapping using a reasonable number of markers, distributed across the genome and with the appropriate number of individuals harboured to detect DNA markers linked to the traits of PF, SPP, PT, GH and DF in common bean.

Variations in fatty acid compositions of the seed oil of Eruca sativa Mill. caused by different sowing periods and nitrogen forms.

BACKGROUND: Eruca is a native plant genus of the South Europe and central Asia where it has been cultivated since centuries. As the genus name implies, the oil is high in erucic acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of sowing periods (autumn and spring) and three forms of the nitrogen-containing fertilizers (manure, calcium nitrate [Ca(NO(3))(2), 15.5% N], and ammonium sulphate [(NH(4))(2)SO(4), 21% N]) on fatty acid compositions of the oils obtained from Eruca sativa Mill. seeds cultivated. All oils were obtained by maceration of the seeds with n-hexane at room temperature and converted to their methyl ester derivatives by trans-methylesterification reaction using boron-trifluorur (BF(3)). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the oils were detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: All the samples analyzed were found to contain quite high amounts of erucic acid ranging between 46.64-54.79%, followed by oleic (17.86-19.95%), palmitic (7.25-10.97%), linoleic (4.23-9.72%), and linolenic (1.98-3.01%) acids. CONCLUSION: Our data pointed out that there is a statistically important alteration caused by these applications on the contents of only C12:0 and C14:0 found as the minor fatty acids, whereas no other fatty acids in the samples seemed to be affected by those criteria.

Effects of sowing dates and cultural treatments on growth, quality and yield of processing beans.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of windbreak and sowing dates on growth and yield of bean varieties; Amboto, Gina, Nashau, Volare. Two different treatments of cultural practices (windbreak/no windbreak) were applied all cultivars and sowing dates. The experimental design was a randomized block in a split plot with three replications. Seeds were sown in well prepared soil on 23.07.2004 and 27.08.2004 in 1st year and 29.07.2005 and 29.8.2005 in 2nd year. Results are showed that sowing date, variety and windbreak generally exhibited significant positive influence on growth parameters and yield components. Yield was significantly decreased with later sowing date in all 2 years of research. Significantly better results were obtained in treatments when was used WB. Amboto performed better compared with other three varieties, mostly due to more yield per ha and per plant. Hence, Amboto is recommended for general cultivation of bean and SD, was the optimum sowing date of bean for Odemis condition.

Cancer and its prevention by some horticultural and field crops in Turkey.

Diet is considered to play an important role in the etiology of carcinogenesis, and almost 30 % of cancer development is known to have a dietary background. Many diets appear to contain groups of food components that can prevent, slow down, or even reverse carcinogenesis. In the present commentary, discussion is focused on the following crops: almonds, apricots, plums, peaches and nectarines, cherries, pears, figs, chestnuts, hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts, grapes, strawberries, avocados, bananas, olives, lemons and limes, oranges (tangerines, mandarins, clemetines, satsuma), grapefruit and pomelons, artichokes, potatoes, green beans, carrots, cabbages, melons, watermelons, pumpkins, cucumbers, garlic, cauliflower, peppers, eggplants, tomatoes, onions, dry bean, soybeans, maize, barley, wheat, rye, and lentils. According to results some of epidemiology, numbers of horticultural and field crops of Turkey are likely to be associated with reduced risk of different cancers. Associations with protection in individual cases are here reviewed.

Herbs as a food source in Turkey.

Medical benefits of herbs have been known for centuries. Many examples contain powerful active components that, if used correctly, can help in healing the living organism. These herbs can also be provided in the form of capsules and powders, as dietary supplements, and thus differ from conventional foods or food ingredients. The traditional Turkish kitchen is rich of various herbs which have been employed as ingredients since ancient times. The present paper provides a brief overview of some important herbs in the Turkish flora, including fennel, sage, rosemary, mallow, sweet basil, savory, chicory, nettle, thyme, flax, cumin, caper, coriander, milk thistle, spanish lavender, marjoram, dandelion, rocket, purslane, spanish salsify, amaranthus, wild radish, and wild mustard. Studies on these herbs have revealed that they contain powerful active components that might be effective for increasing human health and preventing cancer.