Vascular Risk Factors in Ischemic Stroke Survivors: A Retrospective Study in Catalonia, Spain.

Background: The distribution of vascular risk factors (VRFs) and stroke management vary by geographic area. Our aim was to examine the percentage of the VRFs according to age and sex in ischemic stroke survivors in a geographical area on the Mediterranean coast of Southern Catalonia, Spain. Methods: This was a multicenter, observational, retrospective, community-based study of a cohort, the data of which we obtained from digital clinical records of the Catalan Institute of Health. The study included all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ischemic stroke who were treated between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2020. Patients met the following inclusion criteria: residing in the study area, age ≥ 18 years, and presenting ≥1 modifiable vascular risk factor. The exclusion criteria were as follows: death patients (non-survivors) and patients without modifiable VRFs. We collected the demographic, clinical, and VRF variables of the total of 2054 cases included, and we analyzed the data according to age groups, sex, and number of VRFs. Results: Most of the patients included were in the 55−80 age group (n = 1139; 55.45%). Of the patients, 56.48% (n = 1160) presented ≤ 2 modifiable VRFs, and the age group <55 years old (67.01%) presented more VRFs. Hypertension and (>80 years old (38.82%)) and dyslipidemia (<55 years (28.33%)) were the most prevalent VRFs. In the age group 55−80 (69.59% men), the prevalence of VRFs was higher ((3−4 VRF (42.76%) and >4 VRF (5.35%)). Conclusions: These results suggest the presence of many VRFs in people diagnosed with ischemic stroke­although with a lower percentage compared to other studies­and the need for specific individualized interventions for the control of modifiable RFs related to primary and secondary prevention of stroke.

Perampanel in routine clinical use in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: The 12-month GENERAL study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel across different seizure types in routine clinical care of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, 1-year observational study collected data from patient records at 21 specialist epilepsy units in Spain. All patients who were aged ≥12 years, prescribed perampanel before December 2016, and had a confirmed diagnosis of IGE were included. RESULTS: The population comprised 149 patients with IGE (60 with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 51 generalized tonic-clonic seizures [GTCS] only, 21 juvenile absence epilepsy, 10 childhood absence epilepsy, 6 adulthood absence epilepsy, and one Jeavons syndrome). Mean age was 36 years. The retention rate at 12 months was 83% (124/149), and 4 mg was the most common dose. At 12 months, the seizure-free rate was 59% for all seizures (88/149); 63% for GTCS (72/115), 65% for myoclonic seizures (31/48), and 51% for absence seizures (24/47). Seizure frequency was reduced significantly at 12 months relative to baseline for GTCS (78%), myoclonic (65%), and absence seizures (48%). Increase from baseline seizure frequency was seen in 5.2% of patients with GTCS seizures, 6.3% with myoclonic, and 4.3% with absence seizures. Perampanel was effective regardless of epilepsy syndrome, concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and prior AEDs, but retention and seizure freedom were significantly higher when used as early add-on (after ≤2 prior AEDs) than late (≥3 prior AEDs). Adverse events were reported in 50% of patients over 12 months, mostly mild or moderate, and irritability (23%), somnolence (15%), and dizziness (14%) were most frequent. SIGNIFICANCE: In routine clinical care of patients with IGE, perampanel improved seizure outcomes for GTCS, myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures, with few discontinuations due to adverse events. This is the first real-world evidence with perampanel across different seizure types in IGE.

[What is the optimal dose for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine patients?]. / Realmente es beneficioso usar las dosis de OnabotulinumtoxinA del estudio PREEMPT?

INTRODUCTION: OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) is indicated for headache prophylaxis in patients with chronic migraine. However, there is some controversy about what is the minimum effective dose for treating chronic migraine patients. AIM: To determine the optimal dose of OnabotA for the prophylactic treatment of patients with chronic migraine. DEVELOPMENT: We performed a literature review of the randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled studies that have evaluated the safety and efficacy of OnabotA as headache prophylactic treatment in migraine patients. In the studies conducted before the PREEMPT clinical programme, a variety of dose ranges and infiltration paradigms were used. Initial phase II studies of OnabotA in chronic daily headache showed that those patients treated with 150 U had significant mean reductions from baseline in headache frequency compared with placebo, and this benefit was not observed for patients treated with 75 U. The experience from previous studies allowed to define an injection paradigm and dose range (155-195 U) that was used in the PREEMPT clinical trials. PREEMPT studies demonstrate that OnabotA is a safe an effective prophylactic treatment for chronic migraine. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence to date supports that the optimal dose for the treatment of chronic migraine patients is the use of at least 150 U of OnabotA, that should be administered according to the PREEMPT injection paradigm.

TITLE: Realmente es beneficioso usar las dosis de OnabotulinumtoxinA del estudio PREEMPT?Introduccion. La OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) esta indicada para el tratamiento preventivo de los pacientes con diagnostico de migraña cronica. Existe cierta controversia acerca de cual es la dosis minima eficaz de OnabotA. Objetivo. Determinar cual es la dosis mas adecuada de OnabotA para el tratamiento de la migraña cronica. Desarrollo. Se revisan los estudios controlados frente a placebo, que han evaluado la eficacia y seguridad de OnabotA para el tratamiento de la migraña, prestando especial atencion a las dosis de toxina utilizadas. En los diferentes ensayos clinicos llevados a cabo antes del año 2010 se utilizaron distintos protocolos de infiltracion. La experiencia obtenida de los estudios previos permitio definir un protocolo de infiltracion que se utilizo en el programa PREEMPT, y que demostro que el tratamiento con OnabotA es seguro y eficaz en pacientes con migraña cronica. La dosis elegida en los ensayos PREEMPT 1 y 2 fue de 155-195 U, al observarse en los estudios en fase II que la dosis de 75 U no era eficaz y que la utilizacion de 150-200 U aumentaba la eficacia sin incrementar los efectos adversos. Ademas de la dosis, el paradigma de inyeccion PREEMPT tambien establece de manera detallada los puntos de inyeccion y la metodologia de infiltracion. Conclusiones. La evidencia cientifica disponible hasta la fecha sustenta que la dosis mas adecuada para el tratamiento de la migraña cronica es la utilizacion de al menos 150 U de OnabotA, y que la infiltracion debe realizarse con la metodologia definida en el paradigma de inyeccion PREEMPT.

[Predictive factors of the response to treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA in refractory migraine]. / Factores predictores de respuesta al tratamiento con onabotulinumtoxina A en la migraña refractaria.

AIM: To identify the clinical features that predict a favourable response to onabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) treatment in patients with refractory migraine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients with refractory migraine who underwent at least two pericranial injections of OnabotA between 2008 and 2012. Patients were divided into responders and non-responders. Some clinical features including unilateral location of headache, presence of pericranial muscle tension, type of pain (imploding or exploding), duration of migraine (less than or greater than 10 years) and medication overuse were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: 39 patients were included (35 women) with a mean age of 46 years. 18 patients (46.2%) showed a greater than 50% reduction in the number of headache days/month (responders). When analyzing the different features of migraine, we observed that all were equally prevalent in responders and non-responders (p > 0.05): unilateral location (66.7% vs 66.6% respectively), implosive pain (27.8% vs 38.1%), presence of pericranial muscle tension (33.3% vs 38.1%), duration of migraine more than 10 years (77.8% vs 69.2%) and presence of medication overuse (50% vs 81%). CONCLUSION: We failed to identify any clinical feature in our patients with refractory migraine that predicts a favourable response to OnabotA treatment.

TITLE: Factores predictores de respuesta al tratamiento con onabotulinumtoxina A en la migraña refractaria.Objetivo. Identificar las caracteristicas clinicas que predicen una respuesta favorable al tratamiento con onabotulinumtoxina A (OnabotA) en pacientes con migraña refractaria. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con migraña refractaria que recibieron al menos dos infiltraciones de OnabotA entre los años 2008 y 2012. Los pacientes fueron divididos en respondedores y no respondedores a OnabotA y se compararon entre ambos grupos, y de forma retrospectiva, una serie de caracteristicas clinicas consideradas predictoras de respuesta en estudios previos: localizacion unilateral de la cefalea, presencia de tension muscular pericraneal, tipo de dolor (implosivo, explosivo u ocular), tiempo de evolucion de la migraña (menor o mayor de 10 años) y abuso de medicacion analgesica. Resultados. Se incluyeron 39 pacientes (35 mujeres) con una edad media de 46 años. En 18 pacientes (46,2%) se observo una reduccion mayor del 50% en el numero de dias de cefalea/mes (pacientes respondedores). Al analizar las diferentes caracteristicas de la migraña, se observo que todas ellas fueron igualmente prevalentes en los pacientes respondedores y en los no respondedores (p > 0,05): localizacion unilateral (66,7% frente a 66,6%, respectivamente), dolor implosivo (27,8% frente a 38,1%), presencia de tension muscular pericraneal (33,3% frente a 38,1%), tiempo de evolucion de la migraña mayor de 10 años (77,8% frente a 69,2%) y presencia de abuso de medicacion analgesica (50% frente a 81%). Conclusion. En esta serie de pacientes no se ha identificado ningun rasgo clinico que permita predecir en pacientes con migraña refractaria una respuesta favorable al tratamiento con OnabotA.

Factores predictores de respuesta al tratamiento con onabotulinumtoxina A en la migraña refractaria / Predictive factors of the response to treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA in refractory migraine

Objetivo. Identificar las características clínicas que predicen una respuesta favorable al tratamiento con onabotulinumtoxina A (OnabotA) en pacientes con migraña refractaria. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con migraña refractaria que recibieron al menos dos infiltraciones de OnabotA entre los años 2008 y 2012. Los pacientes fueron divididos en respondedores y no respondedores a OnabotA y se compararon entre ambos grupos, y de forma retrospectiva, una serie de características clínicas consideradas predictoras de respuesta en estudios previos: localización unilateral de la cefalea, presencia de tensión muscular pericraneal, tipo de dolor (implosivo, explosivo u ocular), tiempo de evolución de la migraña (menor o mayor de 10 años) y abuso de medicación analgésica. Resultados. Se incluyeron 39 pacientes (35 mujeres) con una edad media de 46 años. En 18 pacientes (46,2%) se observó una reducción mayor del 50% en el número de días de cefalea/mes (pacientes respondedores). Al analizar las d ferentes características de la migraña, se observó que todas ellas fueron igualmente prevalentes en los pacientes respondedores y en los no respondedores (p > 0,05): localización unilateral (66,7% frente a 66,6%, respectivamente), dolor implosivo (27,8% frente a 38,1%), presencia de tensión muscular pericraneal (33,3% frente a 38,1%), tiempo de evolución de la migraña mayor de 10 años (77,8% frente a 69,2%) y presencia de abuso de medicación analgésica (50% frente a 81%). Conclusión. En esta serie de pacientes no se ha identificado ningún rasgo clínico que permita predecir en pacientes con migraña refractaria una respuesta favorable al tratamiento con OnabotA (AU)

Aim. To identify the clinical features that predict a favourable response to onabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) treatment in patients with refractory migraine. Patients and methods. Retrospective analysis of patients with refractory migraine who underwent at least two pericranial injections of OnabotA between 2008 and 2012. Patients were divided into responders and non-responders. Some clinical features including unilateral location of headache, presence of pericranial muscle tension, type of pain (imploding or exploding), duration of migraine (less than or greater than 10 years) and medication overuse were compared between the two groups. Results. 39 patients were included (35 women) with a mean age of 46 years. 18 patients (46.2%) showed a greater than 50% reduction in the number of headache days/month (responders). When analyzing the different features of migraine, we observed that all were equally prevalent in responders and non-responders (p > 0.05): unilateral location (66.7% vs 66.6% respectively), implosive ain (27.8% vs 38.1%), presence of pericranial muscle tension (33.3% vs 38.1%), duration of migraine more than 10 years (77.8% vs 69.2%) and presence of medication overuse (50% vs 81%). Conclusion. We failed to identify any clinical feature in our patients with refractory migraine that predicts a favourable response to OnabotA treatment (AU)

¿Realmente es beneficioso usar las dosis de OnabotulinumtoxinA del estudio PREEMPT? / What is the optimal dose for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine patients?

Introducción. La OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) está indicada para el tratamiento preventivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de migraña crónica. Existe cierta controversia acerca de cuál es la dosis mínima eficaz de OnabotA. Objetivo. Determinar cuál es la dosis más adecuada de OnabotA para el tratamiento de la migraña crónica. Desarrollo. Se revisan los estudios controlados frente a placebo, que han evaluado la eficacia y seguridad de OnabotA para el tratamiento de la migraña, prestando especial atención a las dosis de toxina utilizadas. En los diferentes ensayos clínicos llevados a cabo antes del año 2010 se utilizaron distintos protocolos de infiltración. La experiencia obtenida de los estudios previos permitió definir un protocolo de infiltración que se utilizó en el programa PREEMPT, y que demostró que el tratamiento con OnabotA es seguro y eficaz en pacientes con migraña crónica. La dosis elegida en los ensayos PREEMPT 1 y 2 fue de 155-195 U, al observarse en los estudios en fase II que la dosis de 75 U no era eficaz y que la utilización de 150-200 U aumentaba la eficacia sin incrementar los efectos adversos. Además de la dosis, el paradigma de inyección PREEMPT también establece de manera detallada los puntos de inyección y la metodología de infiltración. Conclusiones. La evidencia científica disponible hasta la fecha sustenta que la dosis más adecuada para el tratamiento de la migraña crónica es la utilización de al menos 150 U de OnabotA, y que la infiltración debe realizarse con la metodología definida en el paradigma de inyección PREEMPT (AU)

Introduction. OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) is indicated for headache prophylaxis in patients with chronic migraine. However, there is some controversy about what is the minimum effective dose for treating chronic migraine patients. Aim. To determine the optimal dose of OnabotA for the prophylactic treatment of patients with chronic migraine. Development. We performed a literature review of the randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled studies that have evaluated the safety and efficacy of OnabotA as headache prophylactic treatment in migraine patients. In the studies conducted before the PREEMPT clinical programme, a variety of dose ranges and infiltration paradigms were used. Initial phase II studies of OnabotA in chronic daily headache showed that those patients treated with 150 U had significant mean reductions from baseline in headache frequency compared with placebo, and this benefit was not observed for patients treated with 75 U. The experience from previous studies allowed to define an injection paradigm and dose range (155-195 U) that was used in the PREEMPT clinical trials. PREEMPT studies demonstrate that OnabotA is a safe an effective prophylactic treatment for chronic migraine. Conclusions. Available evidence to date supports that the optimal dose for the treatment of chronic migraine patients is the use of at least 150 U of OnabotA, that should be administered according to the PREEMPT injection paradigm (AU)

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: prognostic value of clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, and neuroimaging features.

INTRODUCTION: Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) is a devastating complication occurring in 5% of all patients with cancer. To date there are no well-established prognostic markers in patients with LC, except for the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) blocks and the Karnofsky performance status scale (KPS). We aimed to identify clinical, neuroradiologic and CSF prognostic factors related to LC survival and to develop an easy-to-use Prognostic Scoring Scale (PSS) to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from receiving treatment. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study evaluating patients who had a diagnosis of LC during a 10-year period. Diagnosis was made by malignant cytology or imaging; suspicious cases treated as LC were also included. RESULTS: Fifty patients with LC were analyzed (58% women). Median age was 54.4 years, and KPS was 60%. The most common types of tumor were breast (35%), lung (24%), and hematologic malignancies (16%). Thirty-two percent of patients were diagnosed by imaging, 22% by cytology, and 40% by both. Median overall survival (OS) was 10 weeks (95% confidence interval 5.1-14.9). Median OS for patients who received specific treatment was 21.2 weeks vs. 6.38 weeks for patients receiving supportive care only (p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, initial KPS, initial CSF protein level (<112 mg/dL) and time from diagnosis of primary tumor to diagnosis of LC (>67 weeks) were significant and independent predictors of increased survival. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis remains poor in LC. The predictive factors for patients with LC here identified could help to improve the selection of patients who are more likely to benefit from receiving treatment.

Hemiplejía prolongada como único síntoma de un estado epiléptico no convulsivo focal simple / Prolonged hemiplegia as the only symptom of a simple focal nonconvulsive status epilepticus

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