Effects of foetal size, sex and developmental stage on adaptive transcriptional responses of skeletal muscle to intrauterine growth restriction in pigs.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) occurs both in humans and domestic species. It has a particularly high incidence in pigs, and is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as impaired postnatal growth. A key feature of IUGR is impaired muscle development, resulting in decreased meat quality. Understanding the developmental origins of IUGR, particularly at the molecular level, is important for developing effective strategies to mitigate its economic impact on the pig industry and animal welfare. The aim of this study was to characterise transcriptional profiles in the muscle of growth restricted pig foetuses at different gestational days (GD; gestational length ~ 115 days), focusing on selected genes (related to development, tissue injury and metabolism) that were previously identified as dysregulated in muscle of GD90 fetuses. Muscle samples were collected from the lightest foetus (L) and the sex-matched foetus with weight closest to the litter average (AW) from each of 22 Landrace x Large White litters corresponding to GD45 (n = 6), GD60 (n = 8) or GD90 (n = 8), followed by analyses, using RT-PCR and protein immunohistochemistry, of selected gene targets. Expression of the developmental genes, MYOD, RET and ACTN3 were markedly lower, whereas MSTN expression was higher, in the muscle of L relative to AW littermates beginning on GD45. Levels of all tissue injury-associated transcripts analysed (F5, PLG, KNG1, SELL, CCL16) were increased in L muscle on GD60 and, most prominently, on GD90. Among genes involved in metabolic regulation, KLB was expressed at higher levels in L than AW littermates beginning on GD60, whereas both IGFBP1 and AHSG were higher in L littermates on GD90 but only in males. Furthermore, the expression of genes specifically involved in lipid, hexose sugar or iron metabolism increased or, in the case of UCP3, decreased in L littermates on GD60 (UCP3, APOB, ALDOB) or GD90 (PNPLA3, TF), albeit in the case of ALDOB this only involved females. In conclusion, marked dysregulation of genes with critical roles in development in L foetuses can be observed from GD45, whereas for a majority of transcripts associated with tissue injury and metabolism differences between L and AW foetuses were apparent by GD60 or only at GD90, thus identifying different developmental windows for different types of adaptive responses to IUGR in the muscle of porcine foetuses.

Cardiac arrest following sugammadex administration.

A 68-year-old man underwent elective surgical repair of an abdominal wall hernia under general anaesthesia. The operation required muscle relaxation, for which we used rocuronium. Following completion of surgery, 180 mg sugammadex was administered intravenously. Shortly afterwards, the patient became severely bradycardic with hypotension, refractory to treatment with ephedrine. This progressed to a pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest. After 4 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, there was return of spontaneous circulation and, following a period of haemodynamic stability in which general anaesthesia was maintained, the patient emerged from anaesthesia without incident. He remained haemodynamically stable until discharge. Post-resuscitation investigations including the serum tryptase level were unremarkable except for a mild respiratory acidosis and slightly elevated D-dimers. Sugammadex-induced bradycardia has previously been described, but its mechanism remains unknown. We believe that sugammadex was the cause of cardiac arrest in this case because of the timing and sequence of events, the evolution to pulseless electric activity and the relatively uneventful post-arrest clinical course. We hope that our report will help to promote awareness about this potential complication of a now commonly-used drug.

Contribution of local regeneration of glucocorticoids to tissue steroid pools.

11ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11ßHSD1) is a drug target to attenuate adverse effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess. It catalyses intracellular regeneration of active glucocorticoids in tissues including brain, liver and adipose tissue (coupled to hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, H6PDH). 11ßHSD1 activity in individual tissues is thought to contribute significantly to glucocorticoid levels at those sites, but its local contribution vs glucocorticoid delivery via the circulation is unknown. Here, we hypothesised that hepatic 11ßHSD1 would contribute significantly to the circulating pool. This was studied in mice with Cre-mediated disruption of Hsd11b1 in liver (Alac-Cre) vs adipose tissue (aP2-Cre) or whole-body disruption of H6pdh. Regeneration of [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisol (d3F) from [9,12,12-2H3]-cortisone (d3E), measuring 11ßHSD1 reductase activity was assessed at steady state following infusion of [9,11,12,12-2H4]-cortisol (d4F) in male mice. Concentrations of steroids in plasma and amounts in liver, adipose tissue and brain were measured using mass spectrometry interfaced with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation or liquid chromatography. Amounts of d3F were higher in liver, compared with brain and adipose tissue. Rates of appearance of d3F were ~6-fold slower in H6pdh-/- mice, showing the importance for whole-body 11ßHSD1 reductase activity. Disruption of liver 11ßHSD1 reduced the amounts of d3F in liver (by ~36%), without changes elsewhere. In contrast disruption of 11ßHSD1 in adipose tissue reduced rates of appearance of circulating d3F (by ~67%) and also reduced regenerated of d3F in liver and brain (both by ~30%). Thus, the contribution of hepatic 11ßHSD1 to circulating glucocorticoid levels and amounts in other tissues is less than that of adipose tissue.

Valvotomia percutânea com balão em pacientes com menos de 18 anos / Percutaneous balloon valvotomy in patients under 18 years

INTRODUÇÃO: Valvotomia mitral percutânea (VMP) é o tratamento de escolha em pacientes com estenose mitral reumática. Em pacientes jovens, o implante de uma prótese pode trazer diversas complicações no curto e longo prazo como durabilidade bastante reduzida. O OBJETIVO desse trabalho é descrever os resultados imediatos e acompanhar o follow-up desse grupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados, em uma coorte retrospectiva, pacientes que se submeteram a VMP com idade menor do que 18 anos devido a estenose mitral reumática. Os procedimentos e a ecocardiografia foram realizados em centro único. RESULTADOS: 58 pacientes (15,41±2,42 anos, 69% mulheres) foram submetidos a 66 procedimentos. A área valvar prévia foi de 0,87±1,94 cm2 e após o procedimento passou a ser 2,00±0,46cm2, com 74% de insuficiência mitral graduada como menor do que discreta, 98,5% tinham ritmo sinusal e o procedimento foi considerado sucesso em 89,4%, sucesso parcial em 6,1% e insucesso 4,5%. No acompanhamento de curto prazo, 19,7% evoluíram para necessidade de cirurgia, sendo 3% emergencial. 22 casos evoluíram para necessidade de redilatação, sendo 12 casos ainda com menos de 18 anos e os demais acima dessa idade. CONCLUSÃO: A VMP é o método de escolha para o tratamento da estenose mitral reumática em pacientes abaixo de 18 anos, de mostrando segurança e bons resultados. Nessa faixa etária a prevalência em homens foram significativamente superior.

Relationships between size, steroidogenesis and miRNA expression of the bovine corpus luteum.

In a previous study, a subset of miRNAs were identified the expression of which increases substantially during the follicle-luteal transition in cattle. Here, we investigated the functional involvement of some of these miRNAs (miR-96, miR-182, miR-132, miR-21, miR-378) by determining whether there is an association in vivo between their expression in the corpus luteum (CL), CL size and progesterone production. The two largest and two smallest CL were collected from 12 donor beef heifers on Day 7 following ovarian super-stimulation (Day 0 = 28-32 h after first standing to be mounted). Additionally, the CL and a plasma sample were collected from 29 recipient heifers on Day 15. Luteal expression of miRNAs and mRNAs, and plasma progesterone concentrations were quantified by RT-qPCR and RIA, respectively. There were no differences in the mean expression of any miRNAs examined or the steroidogenic enzymes, STAR or CYP11A1, between the largest and smallest CL in donor heifers (P > 0.1). In addition, there were no significant correlations of luteal volume or weight with any miRNA, CYP11A1 or STAR in donor heifers. However, a correlation (r ≥ 0.5, P ≤ 0.001) existed between the transcript levels of CYP11A1 and STAR in the CL, as well as between each of those and miR-182 levels. In addition, CYP11A1 abundance was moderately correlated (r ≤ 0.4, P < 0.05) with each of miR-96 and miR-378. In recipient heifers, progesterone levels were moderately correlated with luteal weight (r = 0.41, P = 0.03) but not with the expression of any miRNA, CYP11A1 or STAR (P > 0.1). Moreover, luteal CYP11A1 and STAR were correlated (r = 0.6, P ≤ 0.001) with miR-182 as well as with each other, consistent with data in donor heifers. Finally, both CYP11A1 and STAR were moderately correlated (r ≤ 0.5) with miR-132 and, in the case of STAR, with miR-378. In summary, there was no association between either luteal weight/volume or plasma progesterone concentrations and any of the miRNAs analysed in donor and recipient heifers. However, CYP11A1 and STAR transcript levels were significantly correlated with several miRNAs, most notably miR-182, as well as with each other, in luteal tissues from both donor and recipient heifers. This finding confirms results of previous in vitro studies and, importantly, provides the first in vivo evidence of a role of the miR-183-96-182 cluster in regulating luteal steroidogenesis.

The polymorphisms of genes associated with the profile of fatty acids of sheep / Os polimorfismos de genes associados ao perfil de ácidos graxos de ovinos

The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of polymorphisms in Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGTA-1 and 2), Fatty acid synthase (FASN), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) genes and the Thioesterase domain of FASN (TE-FASN) gene that may be related to the lipid profile. In the experiment, a total of 84 sheep from different genetic groups were used. For the evaluation of the polymorphism of the genes, PCR-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) technique and subsequent sequencing were used. In DGAT-2 gene, four genotypes were identified with the presence of 6 polymorphisms, with two (c.229T> C; c.255T> C) that resulted into the exchange of phenylalanine by leucine. In FASN gene, two genotypes were identified. In TE-FASN gene, three genotypes and 17 polymorphisms were identified. DGAT-1 and SCD genes did not reveal the occurrence of polymorphism. There was difference in relation to C14: 0, C18: 0 fatty acids and Δ9-desaturase C18 for DGAT-2 gene and of C18: 2ω6t for TE-FASN. There were differences among the genetic groups for C10: 0, C12: 0, C17: 0, C18: 2ω6t, C18: 3ω3, C20: 2, total of ω3, ω3/ω6 and atherogenicity index. There is occurrence of polymorphism of DGAT-2 and TE-FASN genes and these should be further studied in sheep since they revealed influence of the genotypes on the fatty acid profile.(AU)

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a ocorrência de polimorfismos nos genes Diacilglicerol aciltransferase (DGTA1 e 2), Ácido graxo sintase (FASN), Estearoil-CoA dessaturase (SCD) e o Domínio da tioesterase do gene FASN (TE-FASN), que possam estar relacionados ao perfil lipídico. No experimento, foram utilizados um total de 84 ovinos de diferentes grupos genéticos. Para avaliação do polimorfismo dos genes, foi utilizada a técnica de polimorfismo de conformação de cadeia simples (PCR-SSCP) e posterior sequenciamento. No gene DGAT-2, foram identificados quatro genótipos com a presença de seis polimorfismos, com dois (c.229T>C; c.255T>C) que resultaram na troca da fenilalanina por leucina. No gene FASN, foram identificados dois genótipos. No gene TE-FASN, foram identificados três genótipos e 17 polimorfismos. Os genes DGAT-1 e SCD não revelaram a ocorrência de polimorfismo. Houve diferença em relação aos ácidos graxos C14:0, C18:0 e ∆9-desaturaseC18 para o gene DGAT-2 e de C18:2ω6t para TE-FASN. Houve diferença entre os grupos genéticos para C10:0, C12:0, C17:0, C18:2ω6t, C18:3ω3, C20:2, total de ω3, ω3/ω6 e índice de aterogenicidade. Há ocorrência de polimorfismo dos genes DGAT-2 e TE-FASN, e estes devem ser mais estudados em ovinos, pois revelaram influência dos genótipos sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos.(AU)

Synthesis of d-glyco-alkynone derivatives via carbonylative Sonogashira reaction.

A carbonylative Sonogashira coupling approach to the synthesis of glyco-alkynones is described. Eighteen examples were obtained in moderate do nearly quantitative yields under mild conditions employing Mo(CO)6 as a safe carbon monoxide source. Functionalization of the alkynyl moiety via cycloaddition with organic azides provided six examples of glyco-triazoles.

Iron (III)-promoted synthesis of substituted 4H-Chalcogenochromenes and chemoselective functionalization

The iron(III)-promoted synthesis of densely-substituted 4H-chalcogenchromene from organochalcogen propargylamines in the presence of diaryl dichalcogenides is reported. Subsequent C2-functionalization with electrophiles and potassium trifluoroborate salts via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction are also presented. A plausible mechanism based on HRMS experiments is proposed and discussed.

Synthesis of d-glyco-alkynone derivatives via carbonylative Sonogashira reaction

A carbonylative Sonogashira coupling approach to the synthesis of glyco-alkynones is described. Eighteen examples were obtained in moderate do nearly quantitative yields under mild conditions employing Mo(CO)6 as a safe carbon monoxide source. Functionalization of the alkynyl moiety via cycloaddition with organic azides provided six examples of glyco-triazoles.

Synthesis of amidoglucals and glucal esters via carbonylative coupling reactions of 2-iodoglucal using Mo(CO)6 as a CO source

The synthesis of amidoglucals and glucal esters in good to high yields using 2-iodo-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal as a substrate, Mo(CO)(6) as a carbon monoxide source and PdCl2 as a catalyst is reported. This procedure shows advantages when compared to other published methodologies, as it is carried out in one pot relying on short reaction times at mild temperatures, under ligand-free conditions and with only one equivalent of Mo(CO)(6).

Iron (III)-promoted synthesis of substituted 4H-Chalcogenochromenes and chemoselective functionalization

The iron(III)-promoted synthesis of densely-substituted 4H-chalcogenchromene from organochalcogen propargylamines in the presence of diaryl dichalcogenides is reported. Subsequent C2-functionalization with electrophiles and potassium trifluoroborate salts via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction are also presented. A plausible mechanism based on HRMS experiments is proposed and discussed.

Synthesis of d-glyco-alkynone derivatives via carbonylative Sonogashira reaction

A carbonylative Sonogashira coupling approach to the synthesis of glyco-alkynones is described. Eighteen examples were obtained in moderate do nearly quantitative yields under mild conditions employing Mo(CO)6 as a safe carbon monoxide source. Functionalization of the alkynyl moiety via cycloaddition with organic azides provided six examples of glyco-triazoles.

Synthesis of amidoglucals and glucal esters via carbonylative coupling reactions of 2-iodoglucal using Mo(CO)6 as a CO source

The synthesis of amidoglucals and glucal esters in good to high yields using 2-iodo-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal as a substrate, Mo(CO)(6) as a carbon monoxide source and PdCl2 as a catalyst is reported. This procedure shows advantages when compared to other published methodologies, as it is carried out in one pot relying on short reaction times at mild temperatures, under ligand-free conditions and with only one equivalent of Mo(CO)(6).

Identification of Tobacco Types and Cigarette Brands Using an Electronic Nose Based on Conductive Polymer/Porphyrin Composite Sensors.

Three tobacco types (Burley, Flue Cured, and Oriental) and eight cigarette brands were unequivocally identified using an electronic nose formed by only three sensors based on a single novel conducting polymer (PF-BTB) doped with different porphyrins (H2TPP, H2TPFP, and H2BTBOP). The synthesis and characterization of the polymer are also discussed. Small changes in the porphyrin structure caused significant changes in the electrical conductance response patterns of the sensors upon exposure to complex chemical matrixes, representing a novel approach for tuning the selectivity of chemiresistive sensors for e-nose application. This e-nose is fast, cheap, reliable, can be easily operated, and could be a valuable tool for border agents fighting cigarette smuggling around the world, helping them prevent losses of millions in tax revenues and sales.

OBO-Protected Pyruvates as Reagents for the Synthesis of Functionalized Heteroaromatic Compounds.

Pd-catalyzed α-arylation of methyl-OBO-ketone (OBO = 4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl) gives rise to arylated OBO-protected pyruvates. By appropriate prefunctionalization of the aryl ring or by subsequent functionalization at the α-carbonyl position of the arylated OBO-ketones, useful diketo OBO-protected carboxylates can be generated. Cyclization, aromatization, and OBO deprotection of these intermediates, using two distinct routes, gives access to valuable α-acyl heteroaromatic compounds.

Meat quality of chicken of different crossings in alternative system / Qualidade da carne de frangos de diferentes cruzamentos em sistema alternativo

The purpose was to evaluate the effects of gender and of different genotypes of chickens on the physicochemical parameters and centesimal composition, related to the quality of meat. The design was completely randomized arranged in 5x2 factorial scheme, five genotypes (Índio Gigante - IG; New Hampshire - NHS; Gigante Negra de Jersey - GNJ; poultry from the crossing between the IG and NHS breeds - IG x NHS; and between the IG and GNJ breeds - IG x GNJ) and two genders, with five repetitions and each one represented by three poultry, totaling 150 animals, slaughtered at 105 days. The parameters evaluated on the breast and thigh were: centesimal composition (moisture, ether extract - EE, protein and ash), ultimate pH, color (L*- luminosity, a*- redness, b* -yellowness, C* - chroma index and h* - hue angle), weight loss by cooking (WLC) and shear force (SF). The IG genotype had the highest average of ultimate pH of the breast (6.03). The NHS and IG x NHS genotypes showed, respectively, higher average of L * (58.93) and a* (1.92) of the breast. The IG, IG x NHS and IG x GNJ showed the highest values of b* of the breast (12.53, 13.37 and 12.69, respectively). The IG poultry showed high average of SF of the breast and thigh (4.79 and 5.01kgf, respectively). The IG x NHS and IG x GNJ genotypes showed the lowest ultimate pH values of the thigh (6.13 and 6.02, respectively). The IG x GNJ genotype showed a high average of b* of the thigh (14.94) and the NHS had a high average of WCL (24.65%). The females showed higher averages of EE on the breast and ash on the thigh (1.03 and 1.11%, respectively). The IG x NHS and IG x GNJ poultry showed higher averages of EE of the breast (1.21 and 1.38 %, respectively). The poultry of IG breed and those from the crossing with NHS and GNJ presented meat quality characteristics more desirable by the consumer in relation to physicochemical parameters and centesimal composition, while genders showed no influence on these aspects.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de sexo e de diferentes genótipos de frangos sobre os parâmetros físico-químicos e a composição centesimal, relacionados à qualidade da carne. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, disposto em esquema fatorial (5x2), sendo cinco genótipos (Índio Gigante - IG; New Hampshire - NHS; Gigante Negra de Jersey - GNJ; aves oriundas do cruzamento entre as raças IG e NHS - IG x NHS; e entre as raças IG e GNJ - IG x GNJ) e dois sexos, com cinco repetições, sendo cada uma representada por três aves, totalizando 150 animais, abatidos aos 105 dias. Os parâmetros avaliados no peito e na coxa foram: composição centesimal (umidade, extrato etéreo - EE, proteína e cinzas), pH final, cor (L*- luminosidade, a*- teor de vermelho, b*- teor de amarelo, C*- índice de croma e h*- ângulo de tonalidade), perda de peso por cozimento (PPC) e força de cisalhamento (FC). O genótipo IG apresentou a maior média de pH final do peito (6,03). Os genótipos NHS e IG x NHS apresentaram, respectivamente, médias elevadas de L* (58,93) e a* (1,92) do peito. Os IG, IG x NHS e IG x GNJ apresentaram os maiores valores de b* do peito (12,53, 13,37 e 12,69, respectivamente). As aves IG apresentaram médias elevadas de FC do peito e da coxa (4,79 e 5,01Kgf, respectivamente). Os genótipos IG x NHS e IG x GNJ apresentaram os menores valores de pH final da coxa (6,13 e 6,02, respectivamente). O genótipo IG x GNJ apresentou média elevada de b* da coxa (14,94), e o NHS média elevada de PPC (24,65%). As fêmeas apresentaram maiores médias de EE no peito e de cinzas na coxa (1,03 e 1,11%, respectivamente). As aves IG x NHS e IG x GNJ apresentaram maiores médias de EE do peito (1,21 e 1,38%, respectivamente). As aves da raça IG e as oriundas de seu cruzamento com NHS e GNJ apresentaram características de qualidade de carne mais desejáveis pelo consumidor em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos e de composição centesimal, enquanto o sexo não revelou influência sobre esses aspectos.(AU)

Pericytes and their potential in regenerative medicine across species.

The discovery that pericytes are in vivo counterparts of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) has placed these perivascular cells in the research spotlight, bringing up hope for a well-characterized cell source for clinical applications, alternative to poorly defined, heterogeneous MSCs preparations currently in use. Native pericytes express typical MSC markers and, after isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, display an MSC phenotype in culture. These features have been demonstrated in different species, including humans and horses, the main targets of regenerative treatments. Significant clinical potential of pericytes has been shown by transplantation of human cells into rodent models of tissue injury, and it is hoped that future studies will demonstrate clinical potential in veterinary species. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on pericytes across different species including humans, companion and large animal models, in relation to their identification in different body tissues, methodology for prospective isolation, characterization, and potential for tissue regeneration. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Técnicas de necropsia y toma de muestras en animales de experimentación: Una revisión bibliográfica y actualización / Necropsy and sampling techniques in experimental animals: A bibliographic review and update

Se plantea como objetivo describir las técnicas de necropsia en animales de experimentación, una revisión bibliográfica y actualización. Se describieron las técnicas de necropsia en cobayos (Cavia porcellus), conejos (Oryctolaguscuniculus), ratones (Mus musculus), la rata (Rattusnorvegicus (variedad albina), incluyendo peces. La necropsia sistemática incluye una revisión de la historia clínica, y/o datos del experimento realizado. El siguiente paso corresponde al examen externo, donde se describen lesiones sobre el tejido tegumentario, sistema locomotor, mucosas, cavidades naturales y cambios post-mortem. Posteriormente se realiza el desollado, de manera simultánea la apertura de cavidades, con la evaluación de órganos, mediante un exhaustivo examen macroscópico. Este procedimiento continua con la extracción de órganos y toma de muestras. Por último se debe elaborar un informe de necropsia donde el patólogo veterinario emitirá las conclusiones o diagnósticos comentarios, recomendaciones y las apreciaciones enmarcados en la epicrisis del caso. El proceso de necropsia junto con la recolección y envío de muestras apropiadas para la realización de pruebas de laboratorio es trascendental en el proceso de emisión de un diagnóstico, de la práctica de la toma de muestra y envío al laboratorio depende el diagnostico morfológico y etiológico. En conclusión se describieron las técnicas de necropsia y toma de muestras en animales de experimentación con énfasis en cobayos (Cavia porcellus), conejos (Oryctolaguscuniculus), ratones (Mus musculus), la rata (Rattusnorvegicus, variedad albina), incluyendo peces, como una herramienta básica para el diagnostico de patologías en animales de experimentación así como se mencionaron las condiciones de envío de muestras a los distintos laborator

The aim of this study was to describe the necropsy techniques in experimental animals, a literature review and update. Necropsy techniques were described in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mice (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus (albino variety), including fish, systematic necropsy includes a review of clinical history, and/or data of the experiment performed. The next step corresponds to the external examination, where lesions are described on the integumentary tissue, locomotor system, mucous membranes, natural cavities and post-mortem changes, followed by flaying, simultaneously opening cavities, with the evaluation of organs, through an exhaustive macroscopic examination. This procedure continues with the extraction of organs and sampling. Finally, a necropsy report must be prepared where the veterinary pathologist will issue the conclusions or diagnoses comments, recommendations and assessments framed in the epicrisis of the case, the necropsy process together with the collection and shipment of appropriate samples for the performance of laboratory tests is crucial in the process of issuing a diagnosis, the practice of sampling and sending to the laboratory depends on the morphological and etiological diagnosis. In conclusion, necropsy and sampling techniques were described in experimental animals with emphasis on guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mice (Mus musculus), rat (Rattus norvegicus albino variety), including fish, as a basic tool for the diagnosis of pathologies in experimental animals, as well as the conditions for sending samples to different laboratories.

Pyruvate Enolate Arylation and Alkylation: OBO Ester Protected Pyruvates as Useful Reagents in Organic Synthesis.

A protected pyruvate equivalent is described that allows arylation and arylation/alkylation reactions to be performed at the methyl group. Utilization of the OBO derivative of the pyruvate ester allowed the application of palladium catalyzed arylation reactions together with subsequent alkylation, under basic conditions. Moreover, the OBO protecting group could be easily removed in one step to provide access to a wide range of substituted pyruvate derivatives.

Catalytic Enolate Arylation with 3-Bromoindoles Allows the Formation of ß-Carbolines.

Synthesis of substituted ß-carbolines was accomplished by utilizing the catalytic enolate arylation reaction of ketones in conjunction with several 3-bromoindole derivatives. Quenching of the arylation reaction in situ with an electrophile allowed ready incorporation of functionality at the carboline C-4 position in an efficient one-pot protocol.