Subacute thyroiditis and rapidly developing goiter in a 16-year-old female: a case report / Tiroiditis Sub-aguda asociada a bocio nodular en una paciente de 16 años; reporte de un caso

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland with multiple etiologies and clinical features, often challenging to recognize. The classic presentation is the painful, granulomatous thyroiditis (DeQuervain's) characterized by diffuse swelling of the gland, usually preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection. A painless variant, also referred to as autoimmune subacute thyroiditis, has been documented and is strongly linked to postpartum state, reported following ~10% of pregnancies. It can be differentiated from the former by the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies, which classifies it as an autoimmune thyroiditis. Any spontaneous development of painful swelling of the thyroid gland warrants a complete work up that includes thyroid hormones, thyroid autoimmune panel, acute phase reactant titers, and, if available, imaging that may lead to the diagnosis of an inflammatory or infectious cause of thyroiditis.

Tiroiditis Subaguda, es una enfermedad inflamatoria de la glándula Tiroides que tiene muchas etiologías y características clínicas, y frecuentemente difícil de reconocer. La presentación clásica es: tiroiditis granu-lomatosa dolorosa caracterizada de hinchazón difusa de la glándula del Tiroides, usualmente precedida de una infección respiratoria de las vías áreas superior (como una infección viral). Existe una variante sin dolor, tam-bién referida como tiroiditis subaguda autoinmune, ha sido documentado y es muy ligada al estado postparto, en un 10% de los embarazos. La Tiroiditis postparto Puede ser diferenciada de la anterior por la presencia de anticuerpos lo que la clasifica como una tiroiditis auto-inmune. Cualquier desarrollo espontaneo de una hin-chazón dolorosa de la tiroides garantiza su evaluación de una manera formal, que incluye las hormonas del tiroides, panel tiroideo de autoinmunidad títulos de los factores que reaccionan agudamente, y si está disponible imágenes como una ultrasonografía que conlleva al di-agnóstico de una Tiroiditis inflamatoria o de origen in-feccioso.

[MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AS A POTENTIAL TOOL IN RESEARCH ON STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH HIV/AIDS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS]. / TECNOLOGÍA MÓVIL COMO HERRAMIENTA POTENCIAL EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE ESTIGMA ASOCIADO AL VIH/SIDA ENTRE ESTUDIANTES DE MEDICINA.

The identification and reduction of manifestations of stigma associated with HIV/ AIDS among health professionals continues facing significant challenges. Some of these are the measurement of stigma in complex setting such as clinical scenarios. However, with the emergence of mobile technology in recent years, such as smartphones and tablets, possibilities for exploration and reduction of stigma manifestations are enhanced. This article aims to reflect on the ability of the iPad to help assess manifestations of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS within a controlled clinical setting with medical students. It is based on a research experience that was carried out to measure behavioral manifestations of stigma associated with HIV/AIDS among medical students in Puerto Rico. The study integrated the use of iPad in the data's collection, storage and analysis. This article highlights the use of existing applications (Apps) for iPad for the implementation of digital tools to measure stigma towards HIV/AIDS. In discussing the experience of researchers, the iPad's potential and it applications for research on stigma are highlighted. Also, implications for the use of mobile technology in social research are discussed.

Religion and HIV-Related Stigma among Nurses Who Work with People Living with HIV/AIDS in Puerto Rico.

HIV-related stigma among nurses can impact health care services for people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA). health care professionals' religious views can potentially foster stigmatizing attitudes. There is scarce scientific literature exploring the role of religion on HIV/AIDS stigma among nurses. This study aimed to explore the role of religion in the stigmatization of PWHA by nurses in Puerto Rico. We conducted an exploratory study using qualitative techniques. We conducted 40 in-depth interviews with nurses who provided services to PWHA. Three main factors emerged in the analysis as contributors to HIV/AIDS stigmatization: (1) nurses' personal religious experiences, (2) religion as a rationale for HIV-related stigma, and (3) religious practices during health care delivery. The results show that religious beliefs play a role in how nurses understood HIV/AIDS and provided service. Results point toward the need for interventions that address personal religious beliefs while reducing HIV/AIDS stigma among nurses.

Manchas dentales extrínsecas y sus posibles relaciones con los materiales blanqueantes / Extrinsic dental stains and their possible relationships with dental materials

El color del órgano dental viene determinado desde el nacimiento, estando determinado por la tonalidad de la dentina aunada a la transparencia y capacidad de refracción de la luz del esmalte. Las descoloraciones den tales son un cambio en el tono, chroma, valor o en la translucidez del diente, puesto que el tejido adamantino es permeable, poco a poco se va tiñendo a causa de diferentes factores externos como pueden ser pigmentos (cromóforos) contenidos en alimentos o bebidas como los tomates, zanahorias, café, té o infusiones varias, que tienden adherirse a los tejidos orgánicos que ocupan los espacios interprismáticos mediante unión química a sus grupos hidroxilo y amino. Además la unión entre estas sustancias pigmentadas y los iones calcio forma nuevas moléculas que varían en tamaño y efecto óptico. Por otro lado numerosos estudios confirman que el tabaco es otro de los factores que alteran el color natural de los dientes, ya sea en cigarrillo, puros, pipa y aún no existe suficiente evidencia sobre el vapor de tabaco. El mecanismo de acción para la decoloración por el tabaco es similar al de los alimentos, salvo que en estos casos se trata de la nicotina, el grupo de alquitranes y el furufral, los cuales se depositan en la superficie dental o incluso llegan a penetrar en los túbulos dentinarios, siendo muy difícil su eliminación. Este tipo de decoloraciones se denominan extrínsecas. Técnicas de blanqueamiento en diferentes formas de aplicación, tiempo, compuestos y su concentración, han demostrado ser suficientes, aunque sin una suficiente evidencia clara y concisa, como vía de mejora del color del diente y lo que esto acarrea

The use of dental implants has become a routine treatment in the clinic. An important prerequisite to ensure proper bone-implant interface is adequate primary implant stability during healing. For clinical success in prosthetics and dental implants is essential a firm and lastinsthetics and dental implants is essential a firm and lasting cant interface cess in prosthetics and dental implants is essential a firm and lasting cant interface is adequate primary implant stability during healing. For clinical success in prosthetics and dental implants is essential a firm and lasting tal implants is essential a firm and lasting connecg cant interface is adequate primary implant stability during healing. For clinical success in prosthetics and dental implants is essential a firm and lasting cant interface cess in prosthetics and dental implants is essential a firm and lasting cant interface is adequate primary implant stability during healing. For clinical success in prosthetics and dental implants is essential a firm and lasting tal implants is essential a firm and lasting connection to the implant surface and bone. These surfaces can be modified using coatings, different abrasive blasting, or acid treatments, combination of several or all of them

Temporomandibular disorder or not? A case report.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this case study is to show the need for a good differential diagnosis of suspected temporomandibular disorder (TMD) with otologic symptoms. METHODS/RESULTS: This study is a clinical case referring to a patient seeking treatment for pain in the right maxilla. The usual Medical History for diagnosis of a TMD was applied. Anamnesis revealed the patient had had a right maxillary pain for one month, a slight hearing loss and dizziness for the past five to six months, and two implants placed in the upper jaw two years previously. Clinical examination showed right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking and tenderness in the lateral pterygoid muscles and in the right masseter muscle. Temporomandibular disorder and orofacial pain were diagnosed, and the appropriate treatment was initiated. In addition, a cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation was requested and revealed acoustic neuroma. CONCLUSION: The coexistence of TMD with otovestibular symptoms suggests the need for a cranial MRI evaluation, especially if the dental or TMD treatment has not been positive.

Religion and HIV/AIDS Stigma: Considerations for the Nursing Profession.

Nurses' stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS hinders effective health care provisions for this sector of the population. Scientific literature on HIV/AIDS stigma has emphasized cognitive, individual, and interpersonal factors that are relevant to the understanding of the stigmatization process among health care professionals (e.g. a health care professional's accuracy in knowledge of the workings of the virus, effectiveness of emotion management, degree of proximity to the stigmatized group, etc.). However, researchers have also examined the socio-structural factors underlying stigma, and religion has consequently emerged as a social phenomenon that may foster it. The role of religion among professional nurses who specifically service people living with HIV/AIDS remains understudied. Focusing on evidence-based literature, we discuss the relationship between religion and HIV/AIDS stigma, explore potential implications of this relationship for the nursing profession, and make recommendations for stigma-reducing interventions.

Factors associated with tender point count in Puerto Ricans with fibromyalgia syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the factors associated with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) tender point count (TPC) in a group of Hispanic patients from Puerto Rico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 144 FMS patients as determined using American College of Rheumatology [ACR] classification). Sociodemographic features, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and pharmacologic agents were determined during the study visit. Tender points were assessed as described in the ACR classification for FMS. A t-test and one-way ANOVA test were used to examine the relationships between continuous, dichotomous, and nominal variables. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation, [SD]) age of the FMS patients in this study was 50.2 (9.9) years; 95.1% were females. The mean (SD) TPC was 15.0 (4.7). Dysmenorrhea, the sicca syndrome, subjective swelling, increased urinary frequency, shortness of breath, headache, constipation, paresthesia, cognitive dysfunction, arthralgia, tiredness, morning stiffness, depression, and anxiety were associated with higher TPC. No associations were seen between socio-demographic features and FMS pharmacologic therapies. CONCLUSION: In this group of Puerto Ricans with FMS, TPC was associated with several FMS symptoms and comorbidities. This study suggests that TPC may be a simple and effective tool for assessing disease severity in FMS patients.

[SOCIO STRUCTURAL FACTORS AND HIV/AIDS STIGMA: EXPERIENCES FROM PUERTO RICANS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS ACCESING HEALTH SERVICES.] / FACTORES SOCIO-ESTRUCTURALES Y EL ESTIGMA HACIA EL VIH/SIDA: EXPERIENCIAS DE PUERTORRIQUEÑOS/AS CON VIH/SIDA AL ACCEDER SERVICIOS DE SALUD.

HIV/AIDS stigma continues affecting the provision of health services to people living with HIV/AIDS, as well as their physical and mental well-being. Scientific literature has highlighted the importance of understanding stigma manifestations that surpass one-on-one social interactions. For that reason, social research in Puerto Rico and elsewhere has highlighted the importance of understanding the Socio-Structural Factors (SSF) that foster HIV/AIDS stigma. With the objective of exploring the SSF that influence stigma manifestations related to HIV/AIDS, we conducted 9 focus groups composed by women and men on HIV/AIDS treatment that had experienced social stigma related to the disease. Participants identified SSF that they understood were related to stigma such as a) development of housing projects for people with HIV/AIDS, b) decentralization of health related services, and c) health services administrative protocols that fostered exclusion. Results evidence the importance of addressing SSF when developing stigma related interventions for this population.

Functional impact of relative versus absolute sarcopenia in healthy older women.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether adjustment of muscle mass for height(2) or for body mass represents a more-relevant predictor of physical performance. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, using baseline data from a trial comparing upper- and lower-body training. SETTING: Women recruited from the community and gynecological practices in Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty-nine healthy older (aged 67.5 +/- 4.8), active women receiving estrogen for osteoporosis over 2 years. MEASUREMENTS: Total and appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) and fat mass (AFM) were determined using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Physical performance, muscle strength, and fitness measures were obtained at baseline. RESULTS: Adjusting ASM for height(2) identifies lean women who are sarcopenic according to published standards yet fails to identify overweight and obese women whose ASM adjusted for body mass is low. ASM divided by body mass (ASM/body mass) is a stronger physical performance predictor, explaining 32.5%, 13.5%, 11.6%, 6.3%, and 6.8% of the variance in maximum time on treadmill, 6-minute walk, gait speed, 8-foot walk, and single leg stance, respectively, whereas ASM divided by height in m(2) (ASM/height(2)) explained only 2.9%, 0.2%, 2.0%, 0.04%, and 0.1%. Multivariate modeling demonstrated considerable overlap in aspects of ASM/body mass and AFM/body mass associated with performance, with ASM/body mass dominant. In contrast, ASM/height(2) is a much stronger predictor of leg press 1 repetition maximum and maximum power. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that relative sarcopenia with ASM adjusted for body mass is a better mobility predictor, with absolute sarcopenia a better indicator of isolated muscle group function in healthy postmenopausal women receiving estrogen replacement.