Using Publicly Available Data to Quantify Plant-Pollinator Interactions and Evaluate Conservation Seeding Mixes in the Northern Great Plains.

Concern over declining pollinators has led to multiple conservation initiatives for improving forage for bees in agroecosystems. Using data available through the Pollinator Library (npwrc.usgs.gov/pollinator/), we summarize plant-pollinator interaction data collected from 2012-2015 on lands managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and private lands enrolled in U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs in eastern North Dakota (ND). Furthermore, we demonstrate how plant-pollinator interaction data from the Pollinator Library and seed cost information can be used to evaluate hypothetical seeding mixes for pollinator habitat enhancements. We summarize records of 314 wild bee and 849 honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) interactions detected on 63 different plant species. The wild bee observations consisted of 46 species, 15 genera, and 5 families. Over 54% of all wild bee observations were represented by three genera-Bombus, Lassioglossum, and Melissodes. The most commonly visited forbs by wild bees were Monarda fistulosa, Sonchus arvensis, and Zizia aurea. The most commonly visited forbs by A. mellifera were Cirsium arvense, Melilotus officinalis, and Medicago sativa. Among all interactions, 13% of A. mellifera and 77% of wild bee observations were made on plants native to ND. Our seed mix evaluation shows that mixes may often need to be tailored to meet the unique needs of wild bees and managed honey bees in agricultural landscapes. Our evaluation also demonstrates the importance of incorporating both biologic and economic information when attempting to design cost-effective seeding mixes for supporting pollinators in a critically important part of the United States.

Quantitative estimation of leishmanial antibody titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The response to immunization against Leishmania braziliensis in rabbits was followed by measurement of antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), passive hemagglutination, complement fixation, and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Passive hemagglutination and complement-fixation titers were interpreted according to standard methods, whereas ELISA exact titers were derived by the equation Y = a-b log X, which describes the straight line that results when absorbances are plotted against test serum dilutions. Peak titer was measured at 32 +/- 1 days after initial injection, irrespective of the assay method. After seven days, the reciprocal antibody titer was 1,130 by ELISA, 0 by passive hemagglutination, and 8 by complement fixation. Precipitin bands were shown by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis only at peak titer. With sera from hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania, 94% showed leishmanial antibody by ELISA, compared with 92% by complement fixation and 65% by passive hemagglutination. When 31 samples of sera from human patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis were tested only by ELISA, 23 were positive for leishmanial antibodies.