Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training improves decision making and executive functions in opioid use disorder: a triple-blind sham-controlled pilot study.

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic disorder with a considerable amount of morbidity and mortality. Despite remarkable improvement achieved by maintenance programs, an array of treatment goals were still unmet. Mounting evidence suggests that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) improves decision making and cognitive functions in addictive disorders. tDCS paired with a decision making task was depicted to diminish impulsivity as well.The present study aimed to assess the effect of tDCS combined with cognitive training (CT) in OUD for the first time.In this triple-blind randomized sham-controlled pilot study, 38 individuals with OUD from the Buprenorphine-Naloxone Maintenance Therapy program were administered 20-minutes of 2 mA active/sham tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with concomitant cognitive training. A selected test battery evaluating decision making under risk and ambiguity as well as executive functions, verbal fluency and working memory was utilized before and after the intervention.Greater improvements were observed in decision making under ambiguity (p = 0.016), set shifting ability and alternating fluency while no improvements were observed in decision making under risk in the active group, compared to sham.Deficits of decision making and executive functions have a pivotal role in the perpetuation and the relapse of the OUD. Alleviation of these impairments brought tDCS/CT forth as an expedient neuroscientifically-grounded treatment option that merits further exploration in OUD, Trial registration: NCT05568251.

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of delirium tremens in hospitalized patients with alcohol withdrawal.

Delirium tremens (DT) is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that can be fatal if not recognized early and treated appropriately. In our study, we aimed to determine the role of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of systemic inflammation, in predicting the development of DT. This retrospective study was conducted in an alcohol and drug treatment center between March 2017 and March 2020. A total of 212 patients with a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder who were admitted to a special care unit after alcohol withdrawal were included. Blood tests were collected within 24 h of the patients' admission. Comparisons were made according to whether the patients developed DT during the hospitalization. DT was diagnosed in 24.1% of the patients. It was determined that higher NLR level (odds ratio [OR]: 4.38, 95% CI: 2.58-7.43) and history of DT (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.23-11.73) are independent risk factors for the development of DT in the logistic regression analysis. The optimal cut-off value of NLR in predicting DT was 2.67 (sensitivity: 82.4%; specificity: 88.8%). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of NLR showed a larger area under the curve (AUC) than the curves of other systemic inflammation markers. NLR is a simple, practical, and inexpensive marker that can predict the development of DT in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS).

Risk of Relapse Assessment Scale for Metamphetamine Abusers: Reliability and Validity Study of the Turkish Version.

Background: This study aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the 16-item Risk of Relapse Assessment Scale (RRAS) for methamphetamine abusers. Methods: A total of 160 patients diagnosed with methamphetamine use disorder were included in this study to evaluate the validity and reliability of the scale. The comparison of the relationship between the Risk of Relapse Assessment Scale, the Substance Craving Scale, and the Relapse Prediction Scale was also carried out. The validity of the Risk of Relapse Assessment Scale was examined in the first step by exploratory factor analysis. The suitability of the data for exploratory factor analysis was evaluated by Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test and Barlett's test. Cronbach's α coefficient and corrected item-total correlation value were used to test the reliability of the scale. The validity results of Risk of Relapse Assessment Scale were tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The significance level was set at P < .05 for all analyses. Results: Considering the examination of the internal consistency values of the Risk of Relapse Assessment Scale, Cronbach's α value was detected to be 0.90, and Cronbach's α value of the subscales ranged from 0.72 to 0.90. The study determined that the goodness of fit values for RRAS were χ 2/df =2.13, P < .001, goodness of fit index = 0.88, comparative fit index = 0.92, normed fit index = 0.86, Trucker-Lewis index = 0.90, root mean square error of approximation = 0.08, and standardized root mean squared residual = 0.06. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that Risk of Relapse Assessment Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing the risk of methamphetamine relapse in Turkish.

Measuring anxiety related to COVID-19: A Turkish validation study of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

The aim of the current study is to validate the Turkish version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). Participants were assessed across the CAS, Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale. We surveyed 1023 Turkish native speakers who participated online. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor structure of the CAS was satisfactory. The scale was internally consistent with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.80. Positive correlations of the CAS with the OCS and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale demonstrated adequate convergent validity. These findings suggest that the CAS is a valid and reliable measure to assess the severity of dysfunctional coronavirus related anxiety.

Measuring dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 loss: A Turkish validation study of the Pandemic Grief Scale.

The global death toll to date of the COVID-19 pandemic has been enormous, and millions of people are grieving these losses. The aim of the current study is to validate a Turkish version of the Pandemic Grief Scale (PGS), which is a brief English-language mental health screener to identify probable cases of dysfunctional grief associated with a COVID-19 death. Participants were assessed using the PGS, Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) and Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). We surveyed 758 Turkish native speakers who participated online. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor structure of the PGS was satisfactory. The scale was internally consistent with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.77 and a composite reliability of 0.90. The PGS demonstrated construct validity with strong correlations with suicidal ideation and substance use coping. Positive correlations of the PGS with the PHQ-4 and the WSAS demonstrated adequate convergent validity. The PGS discriminates well between persons with and without dysfunctional grief using an optimized cut score of ≥ 3 (89% sensitivity and 72% specificity). The PGS also demonstrates incremental validity by explaining most of the variance (43%) in functional impairment due to a COVID-19 loss beyond measures of depression and generalized anxiety. These findings closely replicate the original validation study on the PGS in English and suggest that the current Turkish version of the PGS is a valid and reliable measure to assess the severity of dysfunctional grief associated with a COVID-19 death.

The Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem and Harm Avoidance on the Association between Social Anxiety Symptoms and Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Severity in Turkish Inpatients with Alcohol Use Disorder.

Objective: The first objective of this research was to examine the association of the symptom severity of social anxiety with the adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity in Turkish patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The second objective was to examine if harm avoidance and self-esteem mediated this relationship. Method : This cross-sectional analysis was performed among 151 inpatients with AUD at the Bakirkoy/AMATEM, a treatment center for substance use disorder, in Istanbul. Patients were examined with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and the temperament dimension of Harm Avoidance (HA). Using SPSS-20 software, the data was analyzed using Pearson correlations, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and multiple linear regressions. Results: The scales scores were mildly correlated with each other. The low self-esteem and high HA were related with the inattentive (IN) dimension of ADHD, whereas low self-esteem solely predicted hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) dimension of ADHD in MANCOVA. In the linear regression analysis, the severity of social anxiety, particularly avoidance dimension, was associated with the symptom severity of ADHD. In the second step of the analysis, together with the avoidance dimension of social anxiety, self-esteem was associated with the symptom severity of ADHD. However, in the third step, after including HA as an independent variable in the analysis, the avoidance dimension of social anxiety was no longer associated with the severity of adult ADHD symptoms, whereas self-esteem together with HA (particularly "anticipatory worry and pessimism" [HA-1], and "asthenia and fatigability" [HA-4]) predicted. Conclusion: Findings of the present study shows that although the symptom severity of social anxiety is associated with the severity of ADHD symptoms among inpatients with AUD, among dimensions of social anxiety, the avoidance dimension plays a main role in this relationship. Also, while the self-esteem partially mediates this relationship, HA seems to have a full mediator effect on this relationship.

Relationship between Suicide Attempt History and Borderline Personality Disorder, Aggression, Impulsivity, and Self-Mutilative Behavior among Male Inpatients with Substance Use Disorder.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between lifetime history of suicide attempt (HSA) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), aggression, impulsivity, and self-mutilative behavior (SMB) in a sample of male inpatients with substance use disorder (SUD). Method: The sample included 132 male inpatients with alcohol or opioid use disorder. The participants were evaluated using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Short Form of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF), and a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) for BPD. Results: The mean age was lower in the group with HSA (n = 52, 39.4%) compared to the group without HSA (n = 80, 60.6%), whereas no difference was found between the groups in terms of duration of education, alcohol or opioid use disorder, marital status, and employment status. The rate of BPD and SMB and aggression and impulsivity scores were higher among those with lifetime HSA. According to linear regression analysis, although BPD, anger, and non-planning impulsivity predicted HSA, when SMB was included in the analysis BPD was no longer a predictor. SMB, on the other hand, predicted HSA together with anger and non-planning impulsivity. Conclusion: While BPD and HSA are associated, SMB seems to have a mediating role in this relationship. In addition, anger and non-planning impulsivity may have a partial mediating role in the relationship between BPD and HSA among patients with SUD.

Impact of At Least 2 Years of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use on Cognitive and Psychomotor Functions Among Treatment-Seeking Male Outpatients.

Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) use, an important public health problem, is becoming increasingly widespread and leads to many medical and psychiatric problems. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of SC use on cognitive and psychomotor functions of patients. Materials and Methods: The participants (30 outpatients with SC use disorder and 33 healthy controls) were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test, the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI), the Finger-Tapping Test (FTT), and the Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery-B form (AMIPB-B). Results: The SC users scored lower in AMIPB-B, MOCA. and FTT compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: These findings suggest that SC might impair both cognitive and psychomotor functions. Therefore, outpatients with SC use disorder should be carefully evaluated for cognitive and psychomotor functions since neurological examinations and interventions may also be required in treatment programs for these cases.

Relationships of Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder symptom severities with probable attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, aggression and negative affect among university students.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationships of Internet addiction (IA) and Internet gaming disorder (IGD) symptom severities with probable attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and aggression among university students, while controlling the effects of anxiety and depressive symptoms. The study was conducted with online survey among 1509 volunteered university students in Ankara who regularly use the Internet, among whom we conducted analyses related with IA. Among these students, 987 of them, who play video games, were included in the analyses related with IGD. Correlation analyses revealed that the severities of the scale scores were mildly correlated with each other both among students who regularly use the Internet and students who play video games. Probable ADHD was associated with the severity of IA symptoms, together with depression and aggression, particularly physical aggression and hostility, in ANCOVA analyses. Similarly probable ADHD was also associated with the severity of IGD symptoms, together with depression and aggression, particularly physical aggression, anger and hostility, in ANCOVA analyses. These findings suggest that the presence of probable ADHD is related with both severity of IA and IGD symptoms, together with aggression and depression.

The impact of depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and severity of Internet addiction symptoms on the relationship between probable ADHD and severity of insomnia among young adults.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and severity of Internet addiction symptoms (IAS) on the relationship between probable attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severity of insomnia among young adults. The study was conducted with online survey among 1010 volunteered university students in Ankara, people who are in the e-mail database of a company located in Istanbul that organizes e-sports tournaments and Turkish gamers from gaming forums. Scale scores were higher among the group with high probability of insomnia (n = 200, 19.8%). Also risk of high probability of insomnia was 2.7 times higher among those with probable ADHD. In linear regression analysis, both inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions of ADHD were related with the severity of insomnia, together with severities of anxiety, depression, neuroticism and IAS. Similarly, presence of probable ADHD was related with the severity of insomnia in ANCOVA, together with severities of anxiety, depression, neuroticism and IAS. These findings suggest that the presence of probable ADHD and the severity of ADHD symptoms are related with the severity of insomnia, even after controlling the depression, anxiety, neuroticism and IAS, which are all related with the severity of insomnia, among young adults.

Relationships of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with defense styles and harm avoidance among male inpatients with alcohol use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) use immature defense styles, and AUD is related with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Harm avoidance (HA) is related with both AUD and particularly inattentiveness (IN) dimension of ADHD. AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of defense styles with probable ADHD and severity of ADHD symptoms while controlling the effect of HA among male inpatients with AUD. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The present study with cross-sectional design was conducted at the Alcohol and Drug Research, Treatment and Training Center (AMATEM) of Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry Neurology and Neurosurgery in Istanbul. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi-square test, independent samples t-test, multiple logistic and linear regression analyses, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) were used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants (n = 151) were evaluated with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, the Defense Style Questionnaire, and the HA Dimension of the Temperament and Character Inventory. RESULTS: HA (particularly HA-1 [anticipatory worry and pessimism]) and immature defense style (particularly acting out) predicted the presence of probable ADHD. In linear regression analysis, HA (particularly HA-1 and HA-4 [fatigability and asthenia]), high immature (particularly acting out), and low mature defense styles predicted the severity of ADHD symptoms. In MANCOVA, immature defense style predicted both the IN and the hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) dimensions of ADHD, whereas HA and IN dimension and low mature defense style predicted HI dimension. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that immature defense style (i.e., acting out) is related with both the presence of probable ADHD and severity of ADHD symptoms, together with HA, which must be taken into account while treating patients with ADHD among male populations with AUD.

Relationship of internet addiction severity with probable ADHD and difficulties in emotion regulation among young adults.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationship of Internet addiction (IA) symptom severity with probable attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and difficulties in emotion regulation, while controlling the effects of depression, anxiety and neuroticism. The study was conducted with online survey among 1010 volunteered participants of university students and/or amateur or professional gamers. Scale scores were higher among the group with high probability of ADHD (n = 190, 18.8%). In linear regression analysis, both Inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions of ADHD were related with the severity of IA symptoms, together with depression and non-accept dimension of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Similarly, presence of probable ADHD was related with the severity of IA symptoms in ANCOVA, together with depression, neuroticism and non-accept dimension of DERS. Participants were two different groups of non-clinical samples and all scales were self-rated. Also common comorbidities were not screened. Finally, since this study is cross-sectional the findings of this study cannot address the causal relationships among the primary constructs of interest. These findings suggest that the presence of probable ADHD is related with the severity of IA symptoms, together with the difficulties in emotion regulation, particularly non-accept dimension, depression and neuroticism among young adults.

Psychometric validation of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF).

The main aims of the current study were to test the factor structure, reliability and validity of the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), a standardized measure to assess symptoms and prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). In the present study participants were assessed with the IGDS9-SF, nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) and the Young's Internet Addiction Test-Short Form (YIAT-SF). Confirmatory factor analyzes demonstrated that the factor structure (i.e., the dimensional structure) of the IGDS9-SF was satisfactory. The scale was also reliable (i.e., internally consistent with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89) and showed adequate convergent and criterion-related validity, as indicated by statistically significant positive correlations between average time daily spent playing games during last year, IGDS and YIAT-SF scores. By applying the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) threshold for diagnosing IGD (e.g., endorsing at least five criteria), it was found that the prevalence of disordered gamers ranged from 0.96% (whole sample) to 2.57% (e-sports players). These findings support the Turkish version of the IGDS9-SF as a valid and reliable tool for determining the extent of IGD-related problems among young adults and for the purposes of early IGD diagnosis in clinical settings and similar research.

Sexual Dysfunctions are Predicted by Childhood Sexual Abuse in Women with Opioid Use Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Studies on sexual functioning of populations with substance use disorders (SUDs) are mostly conducted with male substance users. We have very limited information about the sexuality and related factors in women with opioid use disorder (OUD). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences (CTEs) and sexual dysfunctions (SDs) of women with OUD and to compare it with a sample of women who do not have SUD. METHODS: Participants included 51 outpatient women with OUD who were on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) with Buprenorphine/Naloxone and 48 women without SUD. Participants were evaluated by a semi-structured sociodemographic form, the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: In women with OUD; CTQ-28, BDI, STAI, and GRISS scores were significantly higher. In the partial correlation analysis, sexual abuse was found to be significantly correlated with nonsensuality, avoidance and total GRISS score. In stepwise regression model, sexual abuse was found to predict SDs together with depression. CONCLUSIONS: CTE, SD, depression, and anxiety rates were higher in the women with OUD. Especially childhood sexual abuse was associated with SDs in this group. Sexual abuse was predicting SDs together with depression. Further investigation of different characteristics of women with SUD may give an opportunity to clinicians to have a better understanding for adaptable treatment strategies.

Relationship of Probable Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Severity of Psychopathology and Impulsivity in a Sample of Male Patients with Opioid Use Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationship of probable attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with severity of psychopathology and the effect of impulsivity on this relationship in a sample of male patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). METHODS: Participants included 234 patients (115 inpatients and 119 outpatients) with OUD. Participants were evaluated with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) and the Short Form of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF). RESULTS: Psychopathology and impulsivity scores were higher among those with the probable ADHD. ADHD scores were midly to moderately correlated with impulsivity and psychopathology scores. In logistic regression analyses, while severity of general psychopathology and impulsivity predicted probable ADHD in the first Model, in the second Model, among dimensions of psychopathology obsessive compulsive (OC) dimension, whereas among dimensions of impulsivity non-planning and motor impulsivity predicted probable ADHD. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that probable ADHD is related with the severity of psychopathology, particularly OC dimension, while the severity of impulsivity may have an partial mediator (particularly non-planning and motor impulsivity) effect on this relationship among patients with OUD.

Evaluation of cognitive functions in individuals with synthetic cannabinoid use disorder and comparison to individuals with cannabis use disorder.

The use of synthetic cannabinoid has been increasing throughout the world and has become a major public health problem. The present study aims to investigate the attention, memory, visuospatial and executive functions in individuals with synthetic cannabinoid use disorder and compare the results with findings obtained from individuals with cannabis use disorder and healthy volunteers with no substance use. Fifty-two patients with synthetic cannabinoid use disorder, 45 patients with cannabis use disorder and 48 healthy control group males were included in the study. The neuropsychological test battery was designed to involve ten studies evaluating a large series of cognitive functions. Impairments in attention, memory, executive and visuospatial functions were identified in individuals with synthetic cannabinoid use disorder and these impairments were found to be significantly greater than in individuals with cannabis use disorder and healthy controls. In line with the data obtained from this study; the evaluation of each cognitive function with more comprehensive test batteries and supporting these evaluations with sensitive brain imaging studies are important topics for future research.

Relationship of PTSD With impulsivity Dimensions While Controlling the Effect of Anxiety and Depression in a Sample of Inpatients With Alcohol Use Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with impulsivity dimensions while controlling the effect of anxiety and depression in a sample of inpatients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS: Participants were 190 male patients admitted to a specialized center for substance use disorders within a six month period. Participants were evaluated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Short Form Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11-SF), the Traumatic Experiences Checklist, and PTSD Checklist-Civilian version. RESULTS: Age was lower in the group with PTSD (n = 63, 33.2%) than the group without PTSD (n = 127, 66.8%). Duration of education, marital, and employment status did not differ between the groups. STAI, BDI, and BIS-11-SF scores were higher in the group with PTSD. Trait anxiety, depression, and impulsivity predicted high PTSD risk in a logistic regression model. Same variables predicted the severity of PTSD symptoms in a linear regression. Among dimensions of impulsivity attentional component was the only predictor of PTSD symptoms severity, not motor or nonplanning impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the PTSD may be related to impulsivity, particularly attentional impulsivity, even after controlling anxiety and depression among inpatients with AUD.

Partial mediator role of physical abuse on the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and severity of dissociative experiences in a sample of inpatients with alcohol use disorder.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms with dissociative experiences, and the mediator role of childhood traumas on this relationship, while controlling the effect of depression in alcohol use disorder (AUD). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: It was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and ninety inpatients with AUD were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Childhood Trauma Qestionnaire, and Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: One-way ANOVA, Chi-squared test, and hierarchical linear regression model were performed. RESULTS: The ratio of those who receive 10 points or less from DES was 26.8%, those who receive points between 11 and 30 was 45.3%, and those who receive more than 30 points was 27.9%. The latter group that was considered as a group with high risk of dissociative disorder had higher scores from depression, childhood trauma, and ADHD scores than the other groups. Rate of those with high probability of ADHD was higher among this group. ASRS total score and inattentive subscale scores were moderately (r = 0.552 and r = 0.547, respectively) and hyperactive/impulsive subscale was mildly (r = 0.430) correlated with DES score. Severity of ADHD was related with the severity of dissociative symptoms, and physical abuse had partial mediator effect on this relationship, even after controlling the depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the presence of severe IN symptoms is an important factor related with dissociative tendency in AUD population with a history of physical abuse.

The relationship of social anxiety disorder symptoms with probable attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Turkish university students; impact of negative affect and personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationship of social anxiety disorder symptoms with probable attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while controlling the personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion, anxiety and depression symptoms in a sample of Turkish university students (n=455). Participants were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated Form (EPQR-A), the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Severity of social anxiety, depression, anxiety and neuroticism were higher among those with probable ADHD, whereas extraversion score did not differ between the groups. The severity of ADHD score, particularly hyperactivity/impulsivity score, was related with the "fear or anxiety" together with low extraversion (introversion) and high neuroticism dimensions of personality, whereas the severity of ADHD score, both inatentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores, was related with "avoidence" together with low extraversion (introversion) dimension of personality. These findings suggest that probable ADHD and severity of ADHD symptoms are related with both "fear or anxiety" and "avoidance" of social anxiety, while personality dimensions of low extraversion (introversion) and high neuroticism may have an effect on this relationships among young adults.