Evaluation of Radiographic Outcomes of Alveolar Graft Associated with Premaxillary Osteotomy Performed with rhBMP-2.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of filling material and timing of surgery on radiograph outcomes of alveolar grafting with premaxillary osteotomy. The null hypothesis was that radiographic outcomes would be similar with both rhBMP-2 (rhBMP-2G) and cancellous bone from the iliac crest (IG), regardless of the timing of surgery. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling of 56 periapical or occlusal radiographs taken 12 months after surgery. SETTING: A single tertiary craniofacial center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate and mean age of 13 years. The individuals underwent bilateral alveolar grafting associated with premaxillary osteotomy (AG + PO) with rhBMP-2 or cancellous bone from the iliac crest. INTERVENTIONS: Experienced maxillofacial surgeons used the same surgical technique in both groups. AG + PO were assigned as success or failure by 3 blinded raters based on modified Bergland and SWAG scales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The influence of filling materials and timing of surgery on radiographic outcomes was verified by Fisher's exact test and chi-square test (P < .05). RESULTS: There was no significance variation between the mean age of participants in the rhBMP-2G and IG (P = .471). Scales showed almost perfect reliability (agreement rate = 96.4%; K = 0.85). rhBMP-2G and IG had similar success rates with modified Bergland scale (85.7% and 82.1%) and SWAG scale (92.9% and 82.1%), respectively. However, only modified Bergland scale found influence of age on radiographic outcomes (P = .025). CONCLUSIONS: AG + PO performed with rhBMP-2 and iliac crest bone showed similar radiographic success rates, regardless of the timing of surgery.

Impact of bone-anchored maxillary protraction on the quality of life of subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and moderate-to-severe maxillary deficiency. METHODS: A longitudinal observational study was conducted with a sample of 20 patients (13 males, 7 females) aged 10-14 years (mean age, 11.8 years) with Goslon 3, 4, and 5. To assess the patient's perception of their OHRQOL, the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Orthosurgical Patients was administered in 2 stages: after the installation of the protraction plates (T1) and 18 months after the protraction therapy started (T2). The questionnaire was composed of 4 domains, distributed over 22 questions: social aspects, facial esthetics, oral function, and awareness of facial deformity. RESULTS: The treatment protocol improved the OHRQOL in 75% of the patients who presented UCLP. The domain social aspects of the deformity were the only one that showed a significant difference from T1 to T2 and indicated an improvement in self-esteem. The girls had worse OHRQOL than boys at T1, which was statistically significant only for the domains of social aspects of deformity and awareness of deformity. After BAMP therapy, the effect size indicated a larger change in OHRQOL in girls than in boys. CONCLUSIONS: BAMP therapy positively impacted the OHRQOL and self-esteem of patients with UCLP during adolescence.

Protração maxilar ancorada em miniplacas na fissura labiopalatina ­ do diagnóstico à maturidade esquelética / Cleft lip and palate bone anchored maxillary protraction in miniplates ­ from diagnosis to skeletal maturity

Resumo O propósito deste trabalho consiste em descrever um caso com fissura transforame unilateral tratado com o protocolo de protração maxilar ancorado em miniplacas (BAMP) e acompanhado até o término do crescimento facial. Uma paciente do sexo feminino com fissura completa de lábio e palato unilateral esquerda iniciou o tratamento ortodôntico em um centro de reabilitação aos 7 anos de idade. Apresentava Padrão facial III por deficiência maxilar, relação interarcos GOSLON 4, trespasse horizontal negativo de 1,5mm e agenesia do incisivo lateral superior esquerdo. Na dentadura mista, foi submetida à expansão rápida da maxila seguida pelo procedimento de enxerto ósseo alveolar secundário. Aos 12 anos e 3 meses de idade, foram instaladas duas miniplacas na maxila e duas na mandíbula para terapia BAMP. A paciente foi orientada a usar os elásticos de Classe III em período integral, com força de 250g/lado, em conjunto com uma placa de levantamento de mordida no arco superior. A terapêutica ortopédica de protração maxilar durou 19 meses com obtenção de trespasse horizontal positivo e relação interarcos GOSLON 1. A análise cefalométrica demonstrou um suave avanço ortopédico da maxila. Os elásticos de Classe III passaram a ser utilizados somente no período noturno, como contenção ativa, concomitantemente à Fase 2 do tratamento ortodôntico. O tratamento ortodôntico corretivo compensatório estabeleceu uma oclusão adequada entre os arcos dentários, com melhora significativa da estética facial após a intervenção. O avanço cirúrgico da maxila não foi necessário.(AU)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to report a case with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) treated with bone anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) in miniplates followed up until the end of facial growth. A 7-year-old girl with complete left side CLP started the orthodontic treatment in a rehabilitation center. She presented a Class III skeletal pattern due to maxillary deficiency, a GOSLON 4 sagittal interarch relationship, a negative overjet of 1.5mm and agenesis of left upper lateral incisor. In the mixed dentition, the patient was submitted to rapid maxillary expansion followed by the secondary alveolar bone grafting procedure. At 12y 3m two miniplates were installed in the maxilla and two in the mandible with BAMP therapy. The patient was instructed to use full time Class III elastics with force of 250g/side together with a bite lifting plate in the upper arch. BAMP therapy duration was 19 months leading to a positive overjet and GOSLON 1 sagittal interarch relationship. The cephalometric analysis demonstrated a mild maxilla advancement. Class III elastics started to be used only at night as an active retention concomitantly with Phase II orthodontic treatment. Compensatory corrective orthodontic treatment established adequate occlusion between the dental arches with significant improvement of facial aesthetics after the intervention. Le Fort 1 surgery with maxillary advancement was not necessary. (AU)

Bone-anchored maxillary protraction long-term outcomes in UCLP.

This case report presents a 12-year-old boy with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate and severe maxillary retrusion treated with bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) therapy followed by fixed appliances. The follow-up period extended until the end of growth. Initially, the patient demonstrated a Goslon 4 interarch relationship with an overjet of -3.5 mm and a Wits appraisal of -7.9 mm. Six months after the secondary alveolar bone graft, Bollard miniplates were fixed bilaterally at the infrazygomatic region in the maxilla and between the canines and lateral incisors in the mandible. Class III elastics were used bilaterally full time for 12 months. After treatment, the overjet increased 5.9 mm. Significant maxillary advancement (SNA +3.2°) and skeletal convexity improvement (NA-APo +12.4°) were observed. Retrusion of the anteroposterior position of the mandible was observed (SNB -2.1°). Comprehensive orthodontic treatment was performed after BAMP therapy with nighttime bone-anchored Class III elastics as active retention until the end of growth. Occlusion and facial esthetics were satisfactory at the end of orthodontic treatment and growth. Le Fort I surgery for maxillary advancement was not required. BAMP therapy demonstrated an adequate orthopedic outcome, preventing the need for orthognathic surgery in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.

Influence of bone-anchored maxillary protraction on secondary alveolar bone graft status in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to evaluate the effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) on the status of the secondary alveolar bone graft in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP). METHODS: The experimental group (EG) comprised 26 patients with UCLP, mean age of 11.9 years, submitted to secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) with recombinant bone morphogenetic protein, and BAMP therapy, using miniplate-borne Class III intermaxillary elastics. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations were taken 6 months after SABG and before BAMP (T1) and after 18 months of BAMP therapy (T2). The control group (CG) was composed of 24 patients with UCLP submitted only to SABG with recombinant bone morphogenetic protein or autogenous bone from iliac crest without BAMP therapy, matched by initial age and sex with the EG. In the CG, CBCT examinations were performed 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) after SABG surgery. CBCT axial sections were analyzed using Garib scores in both time points. Intra- and intergroup comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively (P <0.05). RESULTS: No intergroup differences were found at T1 and T2. The EG showed significant improvement of graft status from T1 to T2 at the cervical and middle levels of the alveolar cleft. No significant interphase differences were found for graft scores in the CG. CONCLUSIONS: Despite loads of intermaxillary elastics applied to the maxilla, no harm to the grafted alveolar bone was observed after BAMP therapy in patients with UCLP.

Bone-anchored maxillary protraction in unilateral cleft lip and palate: a cephalometric appraisal.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cephalometric outcome of bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) in individuals with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental group (EG) comprised 23 individuals (17 males and 6 females) with UCLP and a mean age of 11.7 years. At least 6 months after secondary alveolar bone grafting, Bollard miniplates were installed in the posterior region of the maxilla and in the anterior region of the mandible. Class III elastics were recommended to be worn for 24 hours/day for a mean time of 18 months. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was obtained before (T1) and after treatment (T2). The control group (CG) consisted of 23 individuals with UCLP matched by initial age and gender with the EG and without any orthopaedic or surgical intervention performed between T1 and T2. The interval between T1 and T2 observations was 18 months for both groups. Twenty-one cephalometric variables were analysed. Intra- and intergroup comparisons were performed using paired and independent t-tests, respectively (P < 0.05). RESULTS: BAMP caused a greater maxillary protrusion (SNA) and a greater decrease of Class III maxillomandibular discrepancy (ANB and Wits appraisal) compared with the CG. BAMP also caused a counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane (Occ Plane to FH) and an improvement in the molar relationship compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: BAMP therapy demonstrated a significant orthopaedic maxillary protraction and an improvement in the Class III skeletal pattern in UCLP.

Bone-anchored maxillary protraction in a patient with complete cleft lip and palate: A case report.

Sagittal maxillary deficiency is frequently observed in patients with operated unilateral complete cleft of the lip and palate. Treatment for moderate to severe Class III malocclusion usually relies on LeFort I surgery for maxillary advancement after the end of growth. This case report describes bone-anchored maxillary protraction in a 10-year-old white boy with unilateral complete cleft of the lip and palate. His interarch relationship was diagnosed as GOSLON index 5 before treatment with a negative overjet of 3.2 mm. The orthopedic traction was started 4 months after secondary alveolar bone graft surgery and before comprehensive orthodontic treatment. Class III elastics were used full time for 18 months. After treatment, the interarch relationship was GOSLON index 1 with a positive overjet. The SNA angle increased by 6.50° and A-Na Perp increased by 3.8 mm, leading to marked improvement in facial convexity (+14.6°). No posterior rotation of the mandible occurred with a slight closure of the gonial angle. Visualization of 3-dimensional color-coded maps showed an overall forward maxillary displacement. The bone-anchored maxillary protraction results for this patient are a promising orthopedic therapy for patients with unilateral complete cleft of the lip and palate, with the advantage of achieving much earlier improvement of facial esthetics and functional occlusion, compared with LeFort I surgery at skeletal maturity.

Abordagem endodôntica em transplante dentário autógeno em indivíduo com fissura labiopalatina / Abordaje endodóntica en reimplante dental autógeno en individuo con labio-paladar hendido / Endodontic approach for an autogenous dental reimplantation in an individual with cleft palate and lip

Introdução: o transplante dentário autógeno é uma alternativa às terapias protética, ortodôntica e/ou implantodôntica para a reabilitação dentária; consiste na extração do órgão dentário e reposicionamento imediato em outro alvéolo. O sucesso é determinado pela adaptação tecidual; na ausência desta ou presença de sintomas é necessária a terapia endodôntica. Objetivo: descrever o tratamento endodôntico em dentes transplantados, destacando as peculiaridades da terapia apropriada e a importância do tratamento multidisciplinar. Relato de caso clínico: trata-se do dente pré-molar inferior esquerdo que foi transplantado na posição do incisivo central superior esquerdo em indivíduo de 11 anos, com fissura labiopalatina. Após 2 meses do transplante, a paciente referiu dor espontânea, sendo encaminhada para avaliação endodôntica. Radiograficamente observou-se imagem sugestiva de lesão periapical, realizados os testes diagnósticos, planejou-se o tratamento endodôntico, biomecânica associada à medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio. Foram realizadas 3 trocas de medicação bimestralmente; frente a ausência de sinais e sintomas, os canais foram obturados. Exames de proservação foram realizados a cada 6 meses no primeiro ano e depois, anualmente. Após 17 anos, se observou ausência de sintomatologia e de alterações periapicais, indicando o sucesso da terapia. Conclusões: nos casos de transplante dentário autógeno onde existe elevada ocorrência de reabsorção externa, o tratamento endodôntico associado à medicação com hidróxido de cálcio, é uma conduta clínica adequada para o sucesso da terapia instituída(AU)

Introducción: el reimplante dental autógeno es una alternativa de las terapias protésica, ortodóntica y/o implantología para rehabilitación dental; consiste en la extracción del órgano dentario y reposición inmediata en otro alvéolo. El éxito es determinado por la adaptación de los tejidos; en ausencia de esta o presencia de síntomas es necesaria la terapia endodóntica. Objetivo: describir el tratamiento endodóntico en diente reimplantado, destacando las peculiaridades de la terapia apropiada y la importancia del tratamiento multidisciplinar. Presentación del caso: se trata de un diente premolar inferior izquierdo que fue reimplantado en la posición del incisivo central superior izquierdo en un individuo de 11 años, con labio y paladar hendido. Después de 2 meses del reimplante, la paciente refirió dolor espontáneo, quien fue referida para evaluación endodóntica. Radiográficamente se observó imagen sugestiva de lesión periapical. Una vez realizadas las pruebas diagnósticas, se planeó el tratamiento endodóntico, preparo biomecánico asociado a medicación intraconducto con hidróxido de calcio. Fueron realizados tres cambios de medicación bimestralmente; frente a ausencia de señales y síntomas, los conductos fueron obturados. Exámenes de controles clínicos fueron realizados cada 6 meses en el primer año y después, anualmente. Luego de 17 años de control, se observa ausencia de sintomatología y de alteraciones periapicales, lo que indica el éxito del tratamiento. Conclusiones: en los casos de reimplante dental autógeno donde existe elevada ocurrencia de resorción externa, el tratamiento endodóntico asociado a medicación con hidróxido de calcio, es una conducta clínica adecuada para el éxito da terapia ejecutada(AU)

Introduction: autogenous dental reimplantation is an alternative of prosthetic, orthodontic and/or implantologic therapies for dental rehabilitation; it consists in the extraction of the dental organ and its immediate replacement into another alveolus. Success is determined by the adaptation of tissues; in the absence of this or the presence of symptoms, endodontic therapy is necessary. Objective: to describe the endodontic treatment in reimplanted tooth, highlighting the peculiarities of the appropriate therapy and the importance of the multidisciplinary treatment. Case presentation: this is a lower left premolar tooth that was reimplanted at the position of the upper left central incisor in an 11-year-old individual with cleft lip and palate. After two months of reimplantation, the patient reported spontaneous pain, and who was referred for endodontic evaluation. An image suggestive of periapical lesion was radiographically observed. Once the diagnostic tests were performed, the endodontic treatment was planned, a biomechanical preparation associated with intraconductive medication with calcium hydroxide. Three medication changes were made bimonthly; in the absence of signs and symptoms, the ducts were blocked. Clinical control exams were performed every six months in the first year and then annually. After 17 years of control, there is an absence of symptoms and periapical alterations, which indicates the success of the treatment. Conclusions: in cases of autogenous dental reimplantation where there is high occurrence of external resorption, the endodontic treatment associated with medication with calcium hydroxide is an appropriate clinical behavior for the success of the therapy performed(AU)

Abordagem endodôntica em transplante dentário autógeno em indivíduo com fissura labiopalatina / Abordaje endodóntica en reimplante dental autógeno en individuo con labio-paladar hendido / Endodontic approach for an autogenous dental reimplantation in an individual with cleft palate and lip

Introdução: o transplante dentário autógeno é uma alternativa às terapias protética, ortodôntica e/ou implantodôntica para a reabilitação dentária; consiste na extração do órgão dentário e reposicionamento imediato em outro alvéolo. O sucesso é determinado pela adaptação tecidual; na ausência desta ou presença de sintomas é necessária a terapia endodôntica. Objetivo: descrever o tratamento endodôntico em dentes transplantados, destacando as peculiaridades da terapia apropriada e a importância do tratamento multidisciplinar. Relato de caso clínico: trata-se do dente pré-molar inferior esquerdo que foi transplantado na posição do incisivo central superior esquerdo em indivíduo de 11 anos, com fissura labiopalatina. Após 2 meses do transplante, a paciente referiu dor espontânea, sendo encaminhada para avaliação endodôntica. Radiograficamente observou-se imagem sugestiva de lesão periapical, realizados os testes diagnósticos, planejou-se o tratamento endodôntico, biomecânica associada à medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio. Foram realizadas 3 trocas de medicação bimestralmente; frente a ausência de sinais e sintomas, os canais foram obturados. Exames de proservação foram realizados a cada 6 meses no primeiro ano e depois, anualmente. Após 17 anos, se observou ausência de sintomatologia e de alterações periapicais, indicando o sucesso da terapia. Conclusões: nos casos de transplante dentário autógeno onde existe elevada ocorrência de reabsorção externa, o tratamento endodôntico associado à medicação com hidróxido de cálcio, é uma conduta clínica adequada para o sucesso da terapia instituída(AU)

Introducción: el reimplante dental autógeno es una alternativa de las terapias protésica, ortodóntica y/o implantología para rehabilitación dental; consiste en la extracción del órgano dentario y reposición inmediata en otro alvéolo. El éxito es determinado por la adaptación de los tejidos; en ausencia de esta o presencia de síntomas es necesaria la terapia endodóntica. Objetivo: describir el tratamiento endodóntico en diente reimplantado, destacando las peculiaridades de la terapia apropiada y la importancia del tratamiento multidisciplinar. Presentación del caso: se trata de un diente premolar inferior izquierdo que fue reimplantado en la posición del incisivo central superior izquierdo en un individuo de 11 años, con labio y paladar hendido. Después de 2 meses del reimplante, la paciente refirió dolor espontáneo, quien fue referida para evaluación endodóntica. Radiográficamente se observó imagen sugestiva de lesión periapical. Una vez realizadas las pruebas diagnósticas, se planeó el tratamiento endodóntico, preparo biomecánico asociado a medicación intraconducto con hidróxido de calcio. Fueron realizados tres cambios de medicación bimestralmente; frente a ausencia de señales y síntomas, los conductos fueron obturados. Exámenes de controles clínicos fueron realizados cada 6 meses en el primer año y después, anualmente. Luego de 17 años de control, se observa ausencia de sintomatología y de alteraciones periapicales, lo que indica el éxito del tratamiento. Conclusiones: en los casos de reimplante dental autógeno donde existe elevada ocurrencia de resorción externa, el tratamiento endodóntico asociado a medicación con hidróxido de calcio, es una conducta clínica adecuada para el éxito da terapia ejecutada(AU)

Introduction: autogenous dental reimplantation is an alternative of prosthetic, orthodontic and/or implantologic therapies for dental rehabilitation; it consists in the extraction of the dental organ and its immediate replacement into another alveolus. Success is determined by the adaptation of tissues; in the absence of this or the presence of symptoms, endodontic therapy is necessary. Objective: to describe the endodontic treatment in reimplanted tooth, highlighting the peculiarities of the appropriate therapy and the importance of the multidisciplinary treatment. Case presentation: this is a lower left premolar tooth that was reimplanted at the position of the upper left central incisor in an 11-year-old individual with cleft lip and palate. After two months of reimplantation, the patient reported spontaneous pain, and who was referred for endodontic evaluation. An image suggestive of periapical lesion was radiographically observed. Once the diagnostic tests were performed, the endodontic treatment was planned, a biomechanical preparation associated with intraconductive medication with calcium hydroxide. Three medication changes were made bimonthly; in the absence of signs and symptoms, the ducts were blocked. Clinical control exams were performed every six months in the first year and then annually. After 17 years of control, there is an absence of symptoms and periapical alterations, which indicates the success of the treatment. Conclusions: in cases of autogenous dental reimplantation where there is high occurrence of external resorption, the endodontic treatment associated with medication with calcium hydroxide is an appropriate clinical behavior for the success of the therapy performed(AU)

Bone-anchored maxillary protraction therapy in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: 3-dimensional assessment of maxillary effects.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to 3-dimensionally assess the treatment outcomes of bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. METHODS: The cleft group comprised 24 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and Class III malocclusion with mean initial and final ages of 11.8 and 13.2 years, respectively. The noncleft group comprised 24 noncleft patients with Class III malocclusion with mean initial and final ages of 11.9 and 12.9 years, respectively. Cone-beam computed tomography examinations were performed before and after BAMP therapy in both groups and superimposed at the cranial base. Three-dimensional displacements of maxillary landmarks were quantified and visualized with color-coded maps and semitransparent superimpositions. The t test corrected for multiple testing (Holm-Bonferroni method), and the paired t test was used for statistical comparison between groups and sides, respectively (P <0.05). RESULTS: BAMP produced anterior (1.66 mm) and inferior (1.21 mm) maxillary displacements in the cleft group with no significant differences compared with the noncleft group. The maxillary first molars of the cleft group showed significantly greater medial displacement than did those in the noncleft group. The zygoma showed significantly greater lateral displacement at the cleft side compared with the noncleft side. CONCLUSIONS: BAMP caused similar amounts of maxillary protraction in patients with and without unilateral cleft lip and palatem with discrete differences between the cleft side and the noncleft side.

Mandibular and glenoid fossa changes after bone-anchored maxillary protraction therapy in patients with UCLP: A 3-D preliminary assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess mandibular and glenoid fossa (GF) changes after bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) therapy in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cleft group (CG) comprised 19 patients with (mean initial age of 11.8 years). The noncleft group (NCG) comprised 24 patients without clefts (mean initial age of 11.7 years). Both groups had Class III malocclusion and were treated with BAMP therapy for 18 and 12 months, respectively. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams were performed before and after treatment and superimposed on the anterior cranial fossa (ACF). Mandibular rotations and three-dimensional linear displacements of the mandible and GF were quantified. A t-test corrected for multiple testing (Holm-Bonferroni method) and a paired t-test were used to compare, respectively, the CG and NCG and cleft vs noncleft sides (P < .05). RESULTS: Immediately after active treatment, the GF was displaced posteriorly and laterally in both groups relative to the ACF. The overall GF changes in the CG were significantly smaller than in the NCG. Condylar displacement was similar in both groups, following a posterior and lateral direction. The gonial angle was displaced similarly posteriorly, laterally, and inferiorly in both groups. The intercondylar line rotated in opposite directions in the CG and NCG groups. In the CG, most changes of the GF and mandible were symmetrical. CONCLUSIONS: Overall GF and mandibular changes after BAMP therapy were similar in patients with and without clefts. The exception was the posterior remodeling of the GF that was slightly smaller in patients with UCLP.

Tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico para o prognatismo pré-maxilar em fissura pré-forame bilateral completa / Orthodontic and surgical treatment for premaxillary prognatism in bilateral cleft lip and palate

A projeção da pré-maxila na fissura pré-forame bilateral completa é uma característica presente já ao nascimento. O processo reabilitador precoce iniciado pela cirurgia primária para a reconstituição da cinta labial busca o restabelecimento estético e funcional do estigma facial, assim como o recrudescimento do prognatismo pré-maxilar, proporcionado pela normatização da musculatura labial. O reposicionamento ortopédico-muscular da pré-maxila deve se consolidar ao final da dentição mista por meio do enxerto ósseo alveolar secundário, etapa cirúrgica que trará de volta a unidade maxilar perdida ao longo da formação da face no período embrionário gestacional. A falta dessa etapa no protocolo de reabilitação reafirma o hiato juncional entre os palatos primário e secundário, os quais passam a se comportar como entidades esqueléticas díspares e de crescimento dissonante, que acabam por consolidar o prognatismo pré-maxilar ao longo do desenvolvimento puberal. O presente artigo relata por meio de um caso clínico, o tratamento de uma paciente do sexo feminino, aos 19 anos de idade, com fissura pré-forame bilateral completa que foi submetida ao tratamento tardio de reposicionamento da pré-maxila. Nessas condições, o tratamento orto-cirúrgico para o reposicionamento da pré-maxila, associado ao enxerto ósseo alveolar terciário ao término do crescimento craniofacial, pode ser considerado uma opção de tratamento para o restabelecimento morfológico dessa condição.

PPremaxillary projection on bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) is an attribute already present on birth. The early rehabilitation process usually starts with primary lip surgery that aims to improve aesthetic and functional of facial stigma, as well as the premaxillary setback, provided by normalization of labial musculature. The repositioning of premaxilla should be consolidated at the end of mixed dentition by means of secondary alveolar graft, a surgery procedure that reestablishes the maxillary unit lost along embrionary face development. The lack on this surgical step consolidates the gap between primary and secondary palates. In this situation, they behave as distinct and dissonant growing skeletal unities, leading to consolidation of premaxillary prognatism. Under such conditions premaxillary repositioning surgery associated with alveolar bone graft after complete craniofacial growth seems to be a viable alternative for the reestablishment of premaxilla in BCLP patients.

Are there bone dehiscences in maxillary canines orthodontically moved into the grafted alveolar cleft?

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the bone morphology of teeth mesialized into the grafted region in patients with unilateral alveolar cleft. METHODS: The sample comprised 30 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate with a mean age of 20.5 years. High-resolution cone-beam computed tomography images of the maxilla were obtained 6 months to 2 years after comprehensive orthodontic treatment. The contralateral canines and lateral incisors were used as controls. Axial section was used to measure the bone thickness, and cross section was used to measure the alveolar crest height using the cementoenamel junction as a reference. Paired t tests and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the cleft and noncleft sides (P <0.05). RESULTS: High individual variability was found. In general, the canines in the cleft side had statistically thinner buccal bone plates than the contralateral teeth. No differences between the cleft and noncleft sides were found for the lingual bone plate thickness. The canine on the cleft side showed a slightly greater distance between the lingual alveolar crest and the cementoenamel junction than the lateral incisor in the noncleft side. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate, mesial orthodontic movement of the maxillary canines into the grafted alveolar cleft results in acceptable buccal and lingual periodontal morphology.

Evolution of Postoperative Edema in Alveolar Graft Performed With Bone Morphogenetic Protein (rhBMP-2).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of facial edema in the postoperative period after alveolar graft surgeries performed with collagen membrane soaked with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in individuals with cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: Longitudinal prospective. SETTING: Tertiary craniofacial center. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty individuals submitted to alveolar graft. INTERVENTIONS: In the preoperative consultation and 4 days after surgery, the individuals were assessed as to age, professional performing the surgery, duration of the procedure, type of cleft, measurement of facial edema, mouth opening, and global evaluation of the postoperative period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Statistical analysis was performed to compare the facial edema and different variables, at a significance level of .05. RESULTS: The maximum facial edema occurred between 3 and 4 days postoperatively, was inversely proportional to age and mouth opening, greater for female patients compared with male patients, for incomplete unilateral cleft lip and palate compared with other types of clefts, and for surgeon 1 compared with the other surgeons at some moment postoperatively. The surgeries were longer for complete unilateral and bilateral clefts. The difference was statistically significant for these variables. CONCLUSIONS: The facial edema was influenced by the rhBMP-2 used in alveolar graft, and trismus was proportional to the intensity of facial edema.

Influence analysis of cleft type and supernumerary teeth eruption in the prognosis of bone graft in patients with cleft palate.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cleft type and supernumerary tooth eruption on the treatment of palatal clefts with alveolar bone grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this article, medical records of 40 patients with palatal clefts and associated supernumerary teeth who were treated with alveolar bone grafting in the Hospital for Craniofacial Anomalies Rehabilitation were assessed. The patients were studied to assess the influence of supernumerary teeth and the cleft severity on the prognosis of the alveolar bone graft. RESULTS: Forty medical records were included in the assessment. When the teeth in the cleft had an anatomic shape close to canine, we called them precanine. When they were very small or malformed, we called them anomalous lateral incisors. The teeth studied showed good prognoses and were more expressive in the preforaminal clefts (87.5%) than in the transforaminal ones (62.5%). Moreover, the transforaminal clefts presented a higher percentage in satisfactory and poor prognoses (37.5%). The authors found that supernumerary teeth influenced the maintenance of alveolar bone graft height and that transforaminal clefts presented a worse prognosis than preforaminal clefts.

Increase in age is associated with worse outcomes in alveolar bone grafting in patients with bilateral complete cleft palate.

This prospective study aimed at evaluating the surgical outcomes of alveolar bone grafting (ABG) in subjects with bilateral cleft lip and palate treated at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil, by means of cone-beam computed tomography. Twenty-five patients with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate, resulting in 50 clefts, were analyzed. Subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the dentition status at the time of surgery: (1) SABG group: subjects with mixed dentition operated on before or immediately after eruption of the permanent canine (10-13 years); (2) TABG group: subjects with permanent dentition (15-23 years). Cone-beam computed tomography analysis was performed in the buccal, intermediate, and palatal views, 2 and 6 to 12 months postoperatively. In the SABG group, 96% of the grafts were classified as successful, and no failure cases were observed. In the TABG group, successful cases decreased to 65%, and failures were seen in 27% of the cleft sites. In both postoperative periods, significantly better outcomes (lower mean scores) were observed for the SABG group in all the cone-beam computed tomography views (P < 0.05). Results show that the timing of surgery is an important factor in determining the outcomes of ABG in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, with increasing age being associated with the worse outcomes.

Bone augmentation and autogenous transplantation of premolar to the site of the fissure in a cleft palate patient.

This article presents a case report of autogenous tooth transplantation to the site of the fissure, in addition to bone augmentation with graft of autogenous bone harvested from the iliac crest, performed in a cleft palate patient, who had insufficient bone volume. A non-syndromic 10-year-old girl, with a unilateral cleft lip and palate, incisal transforamen fissures, agenesis of the maxillary left central incisor and both maxillary lateral incisors, was treated with autogenous bone graft in the cleft area. The orthodontic treatment plan was to replace the missing lateral incisors with the maxillary canines and to extract the mandibular first premolars. One of the mandibular premolars was extracted from its site with 2/3 of its root formation completed and transplanted to the maxillary left central incisor area. After orthodontic treatment, the anatomic crowns were characterized with composite resin. Autogenous tooth transplantation can be performed in the area of the fissure in young cleft palate patients, by performing bone graft augmentation before transplantation of the tooth, to gain sufficient recipient alveolar bone volume. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory for the success of this clinical procedure, especially in cleft palate patients.

Timing of alveolar bone grafting determines different outcomes in patients with unilateral cleft palate.

The objective of the current study was to assess the outcome of the alveolar bone grafting (ABG) in patients with cleft palate. Thirty-one patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were prospectively divided into 2 groups according to the timing of surgery: (1) secondary ABG (SABG), undertaken during mixed dentition (n = 16); and (2) tertiary ABG (TABG), undertaken during permanent dentition (n = 15). Septum height was assessed using cone beam computed tomography in 3 views (buccal, intermediate, palatal) and classified according to the modified Bergland Index, which scores the results into 5 types according to the height of the neoformed bone septum (excellent: septum with a normal height; good: septum with minor deficiency; regular: marginal defect of >25% of the root length; bad: bone deficiency on the nasal aspect; and failure). In the SABG group, 6 to 12 months postoperatively, 75% of the patients were classified as having excellent/good conditions and 25% as having regular/bad conditions. No patients were observed as having failure conditions. In the TABG group, 53% of the patients were classified as having excellent/good, 21% were classified as having regular/bad conditions, and 26% were classified as having failure conditions. Significantly better outcomes were observed for the SABG group when compared with the TABG group. In conclusion, the age at which ABG is performed is a factor that impacts on the surgical outcome. Specifically, increasing age is associated with worse outcomes.