The interaction between klotho protein and epigenetic alteration in diabetes and treatment options.

Introduction: Klotho is a membrane protein predominantly expressed in the kidneys, and its discovery was serendipitously made through gene-targeting experiments conducted on mice. Klotho has a favorable role in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, such as aging, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This regulation occurs through the targeting of diverse signaling molecules, cell membrane receptors, and ion channels, achieved by physical contacts or enzymatic activities of Klotho. This review examines the role of Klotho in the epigenetic regulation of molecules associated with diabetes. Methods: Authors conducted a thorough literature search using the PubMed®, Web of Science™, and Scopus®. Relevant articles up to September 2023, published in the English language were considered. We reviewed research databases searching for studies that included keywords klotho, epigenetic, and diabetes. Results: 14 related papers about epigenetic modification of proteins involved in diabetes pathogenesis were selected to be included in this narrative review. In the studies, the kidney was the most investigated organ regarding this correlation. Also, phosphorylation and methylation were the common epigenetic modifications of proteins by Klotho. Conclusion: Klotho has a significant role in the maturation of adipocytes and the regulation of systemic glucose metabolism, exhibiting a strong association with the pathogenesis of diabetes. Both epigenetic alterations and the modulation of protein phosphorylation by Klotho play significant roles in the regulation of Klotho expression and the modulation of other molecules implicated in the etiology of diabetes.

The potential use of bacteria and bacterial derivatives as drug delivery systems for viral infection.

Viral infections in humans are responsible for fatalities worldwide and contribute to the incidence of various human ailments. Controllable targeted medicine delivery against many illnesses, including viral infection, may be significantly aided by using bacteria and bacteria-derived products. They may accumulate in diseased tissues despite physical obstacles, where they can launch antiviral immunity. The ability to genetically and chemically modify them means that vaccinations against viral infections may be manufactured and delivered to affected tissues more safely and effectively. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the latest advancements in the field of utilizing bacteria and bacterial derivatives as carriers for administering medication to treat viral diseases such as SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, influenza, and Ebola virus.

The role of oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes in the cancer stem cells: a review of virus in cancer stem cells.

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the main "seeds" for the initiation, growth, metastasis, and recurrence of tumors. According to many studies, several viral infections, including the human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus, promote the aggressiveness of cancer by encouraging the development of CSC features. Therefore, a better method for the targeted elimination of CSCs and knowledge of their regulatory mechanisms in human carcinogenesis may lead to the development of a future tool for the management and treatment of cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs), which include the herpes virus, adenovirus, vaccinia, and reovirus, are also a new class of cancer therapeutics that have favorable properties such as selective replication in tumor cells, delivery of numerous eukaryotic transgene payloads, induction of immunogenic cell death and promotion of antitumor immunity, as well as a tolerable safety profile that essentially differs from that of other cancer therapeutics. The effects of viral infection on the development of CSCs and the suppression of CSCs by OV therapy were examined in this paper. The purpose of this review is to investigate the dual role of viruses in CSCs (oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes).