Nitric Oxide Plays a Dual Role in Cardiorenal Syndrome in Vitro Model.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nitric oxide (NO) plays a dual role, acting as both an oxidant and a reducer, with various effects depending on its concentration and environment. Acute kidney injury's (AKI) pathogenesis observed in cardiorenal syndrome 3 (CRS 3) involves inflammatory responses and the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, the role of NO on the development of CRS 3 is still not completely understood. The study aimed to mimic CRS 3 in vitro and investigate NO signaling and inflammatory molecules. METHODS: Thus, HEK293 cells were submitted to normoxia (NX) or hypoxia (HX) protocols for 16 h followed by 3 h of reoxygenation, treated or not with L-NAME. Conditionate medium by HEK293 was transferred to H9c2 for 24 h. Cellular viability was evaluated by MTT assay, real time PCR was used to analyze gene expression and NO content were evaluated in the intra and extracellular medium by amperimetry. RESULTS: Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) expression increased 2.9-fold after hypoxia. Hypoxia reduced 18 % cell viability in HEK293 that was restored by L-NAME treatment. The sum of nitrite (NO2-) and S-nitrosothiol (S-NO) fractions in HEK293 cells showed a substantial decrease on NO intracellular content (38 %). Both IL-6 and IL-10 decreased in all groups compared to NX cells. Besides TNF-α and Bax/Bcl2 ratio increased in hypoxia (approximately 120-fold and 600-fold, respectively) and L-NAME restored this effect. Regarding H9c2 cells, the S-NO fractions showed a substantial decrease in extracellular content after HX (17%) that was not restored by L-NAME. IL-1ß decreases in cardiac cells treated with conditioned medium from HX/L-NAME. CONCLUSION: In conclusion this study highlights the complex interplay of NO and inflammatory factors in hypoxia-induced renal and cardiac cell responses, with potential implications for cardiorenal syndrome.

Renocardiac Effects of p-Cresyl Sulfate Administration in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Unilateral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury In Vivo.

The precise mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular complications due to acute kidney injury (AKI) and the retention of uremic toxins like p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the renocardiac effects of PCS administration in animals subjected to AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL6 mice were subjected to distinct protocols: (i) administration with PCS (20, 40, or 60 mg/L/day) for 15 days and (ii) AKI due to unilateral IR injury associated with PCS administration for 15 days. The 20 mg/L dose of PCS led to a decrease in renal mass, an increase in the gene expression of Cystatin C and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), and a decrease in the α-actin in the heart. During AKI, PCS increased the renal injury biomarkers compared to control; however, it did not exacerbate these markers. Furthermore, PCS did not enhance the cardiac hypertrophy observed after 15 days of IR. An increase, but not potentialized, in the cardiac levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 in the IR group treated with PCS, as well as in the injured kidney, was also noticed. In short, PCS administration did not intensify kidney injury, inflammation, and cardiac outcomes after AKI.

The Interplay between Uremic Toxins and Albumin, Membrane Transporters and Drug Interaction.

Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are associated with kidney dysfunction and the development of comorbidities in patients with CKD, being only partially eliminated by dialysis therapies. Importantly, drugs used in clinical treatments may affect the levels of uremic toxins, their tissue disposition, and even their elimination through the interaction of both with proteins such as albumin and cell membrane transporters. In this context, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are highlighted for their high affinity for albumin, the most abundant serum protein with multiple binding sites and an ability to interact with drugs. Membrane transporters mediate the cellular influx and efflux of various uremic toxins, which may also compete with drugs as substrates, and both may alter transporter activity or expression. Therefore, this review explores the interaction mechanisms between uremic toxins and albumin, as well as membrane transporters, considering their potential relationship with drugs used in clinical practice.

Uremic Toxins: An Alarming Danger Concerning the Cardiovascular System.

The kidneys and heart share functions with the common goal of maintaining homeostasis. When kidney injury occurs, many compounds, the so-called "uremic retention solutes" or "uremic toxins," accumulate in the circulation targeting other tissues. The accumulation of uremic toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and inorganic phosphate leads to a loss of a substantial number of body functions. Although the concept of uremic toxins is dated to the 1960s, the molecular mechanisms capable of leading to renal and cardiovascular injuries are not yet known. Besides, the greatest toxic effects appear to be induced by compounds that are difficult to remove by dialysis. Considering the close relationship between renal and cardiovascular functions, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the production, clearance and overall impact of uremic toxins is extremely relevant for the understanding of pathologies of the cardiovascular system. Thus, the present study has as main focus to present an extensive review on the impact of uremic toxins in the cardiovascular system, bringing the state of the art on the subject as well as clinical implications related to patient's therapy affected by chronic kidney disease, which represents high mortality of patients with cardiac comorbidities.

Efeito de três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade no torque e potência muscular de membros inferiores / Three-week effect of stretching training on lower limb torque and muscle power

RESUMO A investigação das possíveis influências entre o treinamento de flexibilidade e o desempenho de força muscular pode contribuir para a compreensão do treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito de três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade no torque e potência muscular. Dez adultos, divididos em Grupo Alongamento (GA, N=5) e Controle (GC, N=5) foram avaliados antes e após a intervenção. A intervenção foi realizada pelo GA e consistiu em um protocolo de alongamento estático passivo para os músculos posteriores da coxa, realizados em três por semana e durante três semanas. O torque e potência da extensão e flexão dos joelhos foram avaliados utilizando dinamômetro isocinético em três velocidades (60, 180 e 360º/s). A amplitude de movimento (ADM) foi avaliada pelo teste de sentar e alcançar. Houve incremento de ADM (pré: 23,0±5,6cm; pós: 30,1±6,58cm; p=0,033) do GA, mas não foram observadas diferenças entre e intra-grupos para as demais variáveis (p>0,05). Houveram correlações da ADM apenas para o torque da flexão (r=0,664; p=0,036) e potência da extensão (r=0,638; p=0,047) do joelho esquerdo a 60º/s. Conclui-se que três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade com método estático passivo promoveu ganhos significativos de ADM, mas não possibilitou incrementos de torque e potência.

ABSTRACT Investigation about influences between stretching training and muscle strength performance can contribute to the understanding of training. The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of three weeks of stretching training on muscle torque and power. Ten adults, divided into Stretching Group (GA, N = 5) and Control Group (CG, N = 5) were evaluated pre and post intervention. The intervention was performed by GA and consisted of a passive static stretching protocol for the posterior thigh muscles, performed three times a week and during three weeks. The torque and power of the knee extension and flexion were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer at three speeds (60, 180 and 360º/s). Range of motion (ROM) was assessed using the sit and reach test. There was an increase in ROM (pre: 23.0 ± 5.6 cm; post: 30.1 ± 6.58 cm; p = 0.033) of GA, but there were no differences between and within groups for the other variables (p> 0.05). There were correlations of the ROM only for the flexion torque (r = 0.664; p = 0.036) and power of the extension (r = 0.638; p = 0.047) of the left knee at 60º/s. It was concluded that three weeks of static stretching training promoted significant gains in ROM, but did not allow increases in torque and power.

2018 Ibero-American Basketball Congress. Motivation, parental style and psychological well-being of female basketball school player / Congreso Iberoamericano de Baloncesto 2018. Motivación, estilo parental y bienestar psicológico de jugadoras femeninas de baloncesto / Congresso Ibero-Americano de Basquete 2018. Motivação, estilo parental e bem-estar psicológico de jogadoras escolares de basquetebo

Motivation can be considered as one of the most researched themes in the sporting context, especially because of its relatedness with different psychological attributes and the intention of prospective practice. In this sense, this study verified the correlation between motivation, parental style and psychological well-being in 9 school basketball athletes, with a mean age of 13.6 +/- 0.8 years, from a private school in the city of São José do Rio Pardo, Brazil. The following instruments were used: 1) Sociodemographic questionnaire; 2) Sport Motivation Scale; 3) Parental Behavior in Sports Questionnaire; 4) Scale of Perceived Autonomy in Sports; 5) Scale of Perceived Skill in Sports; 6) Scale of Need of Relatedness; 7) Scale of self-description (self-esteem); 8) Scale of Satisfaction with Life. Thedata treatment was done through the SPSS statistical package, adopting the level of significance of p < 0.05. It was possible to verify significant correlations between "Sports support from father" X "Sports support from mother" (r = 0.817); "Intrinsic motivation to accomplish" X "Extrinsic motivation for challenging experiences" (r = 0.751); "Dissatisfaction from father with sports performance" X "Intrinsic motivation to accomplish" (r = -0.814); "Introjected regulation" X "Sports support from mother" (r = -0.851); "Introjected regulation" X "Sports support from father (r = -0.783)". The results demonstrate the relatedness between motivation, parental style and psychological well-being, which refers to the need for care regarding to the motivational strategies adopted by parents and coaches of children and adolescents in this important phase of physical, social and sports development

La motivación puede ser considerada una de las temáticas más estudiadas en el contexto deportivo, principalmente por su relación con la intención futura de práctica y la satisfacción de los deportistas. En busca de comprender mejor este fenómeno, este estudio analizó las correlaciónes entre la motivación autodeterminada, estilo parental y bienestar psicológico en 9 jugadoras de baloncesto escolar con una edad media de 13,6 +/- 0,8 años de un colegio privado en la ciudad de São José do Rio Pardo, Brasil. Como instrumentos se utilizaron: 1) Cuestionario Sociodemográfico; 2) Escala de Motivación Deportiva; 3) Cuestionario de Comportamientos Parentales en el Deporte; 4) Escala de Autonomía Percibida en el Deporte; 5) Escala de Competencia Percibida en el Deporte; 6) Escala de Necesidad de Relación; 7) Escala de autodescripción (autoestima); 8) Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Fue posible verificar correlaciones significativas entre "Apoyo deportivo del padre" X "Apoyo deportivo de la madre" (r = 0.817); "Motivación intrínseca para lograr" X "Motivación extrínseca para experiencias desafiantes" (r = 0.751); "Insatisfacción del padre con el rendimiento deportivo" X "Motivación intrínseca para lograr" (r = -0.814); "Regulación introyectada" X "Apoyo deportivo de la madre" (r = -0.851); "Regulación introyectada" X "Apoyo deportivo del padre (r = -0.783)". Los resultados demuestran la relación entre la motivación, el estilo de los padres y el bienestar psicológico, que se refiere a la necesidad de atención en relación con las estrategias motivacionales adoptadas por los padres y entrenadores de niños y adolescentes en esta importante fase de desarrollo físico, social y deportivos

A motivação pode ser considerada como um dos temas mais pesquisados no contexto esportivo, principalmente pelo fato de estar relacionado a diferentes atributos psicológicos e à intenção da prática esportiva. Nesse sentido, este estudo verificou a correlação entre motivação, estilo parental e bem-estar psicológico em 9 atletas de basquete escolar, com idade de 13,6 +/- 0,8 anos, pertencentes a uma escola particular da cidade de São José do Rio Pardo, Brasil. Como instrumentos foram utilizados: 1) Questionário Sociodemográfico; 2) Questionário de Motivação no Esporte (SMS); 3) Questionário de Comportamentos Parentais no Desporto (QCPD); 4) Escala de Autonomia Percebida no Esporte; 5) Escala de Competência Percebida no Esporte; 6) Escala de Necessidade de Relação; 7) Escala de Autodescrição (autoestima); 8) Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. A análise de dados foi realizada por intermédio do pacote estatístico SPSS 20, adotando o nível de significância de p < 0,05. Foi possível verificar correlações significativas entre "Suporte esportivo do pai" X "Suporte esportivo da mãe" (r = 0,817); "Motivação intrínseca para realizar" X "Motivação extrínseca para experiências desafiadoras" (r = 0,751); "Insatisfação do pai com o desempenho esportivo" X "Motivação intrínseca à realização"(r = -0,814); "Regulação introjetada" X "Apoio esportivo da mãe" (r = -0,851); "Regulação introjetada" X "Suporte esportivo do pai (r = -0,783)". Os resultados demonstram a relação entre motivação, estilo parental e bem-estar psicológico, que se refere à necessidade de cuidado com as estratégias motivacionais adotadas pelos pais e treinadores de crianças e adolescentes nesta importante fase do desenvolvimento físico, social e esportivo

Relação entre antropometría, gordura corporal e autoconceito de adolescentes do sexo feminino / Relationship between anthropometry, body fat and self concept of femaly sex adolescents / Relación entre antropometría, gordura corporal y autoconceito de adolescentes del sexo femenino

O excesso de peso causado pelo acúmulo de gordura corporal e a circunferência de cintura aumentada podem ocasionar riscos à saúde dos jovens, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de problemas psicossociais precoces e redução da qualidade de vida do adolescente. Nesse contexto, o autoconceito é um importante indicador de bem-estar psicológico, principalmente na idade jovem. Dentre os inúmeros fatores que podem contribuir para a percepção do autoconceito está a composição corporal, que é constantemente modificada nessa fase da vida. Nesse sentido, o acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal e o aumento da circunferência abdominal podem estar associadas a autoconceitos positivos ou negativos sobre si mesmo, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de fatores psicossociais da população jovem em prol de comportamentos saudáveis ou não. Assim, esse trabalho buscou analisar a relação da circunferência de cintura, o percentual de gordura e o autoconceito físico e global de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo transversal com a participação de 101 adolescentes do sexo feminino, estudantes do Ensino Médio de uma Escola Técnica Estadual da cidade de São Paulo. Foi utilizada a escala de Autopercepção de Harter para Adolescentes validada para adolescentes Brasileiros, nas dimensões do autoconceito físico e global, e aferidas medidas antropométricas de massa corporal e estatura para a verificação do IMC (índice de massa corporal), pregas cutâneas para o percentual de gordura e perímetros para a circunferência de cintura. Foi encontrada uma correlação pequena e inversa entre as variáveis autoconceito físico e circunferência de cintura corroborando com outros estudos que apontaram resultados similares

Excess weight caused by accumulation of body fat and increased waist circumference can cause health risks for young people, contributing to the development of early psychosocial problems and reduced quality of life of adolescents. In this context, self-concept is an important indicator of psychological well-being, especially in young age. Among the many factors that may contribute to the perception of self-concept is the body composition, which is constantly modified in this phase of life. In this sense, excessive accumulation of body fat and increased abdominal circumference may be associated with positive or negative self-concepts, favoring the development of psychosocial factors in the young population for healthy behaviors. Thus, this study sought to analyze the relationship of waist circumference, fat percentage and the physical and global self-concept of female adolescents. For that, a cross-sectional study was carried out with the participation of 101 female adolescents, students of the High School of a State Technical School of the city of São Paulo. The Harter self-perception scalefor adolescents was validated for Brazilian adolescents, in the dimensions of physical and global self-concept, and anthropometric measures of body mass and height were checked for BMI (body mass index), skin folds for the percentage of fat and perimetersfor waist circumference. A small inverse correlation was found between the variables physical self-concept and waist circumference corroborating with other studies that indicated similar results

El exceso de peso causado por la acumulación de grasa corporal y la circunferencia de cintura aumentada pueden ocasionar riesgos para la salud de los jóvenes, contribuyendo al desarrollo de problemas psicosociales precoces y reducción de la calidad de vida del adolescente. En ese contexto, el autoconcepto es un importante indicador de bienestar psicológico, principalmente en la edad joven. Entre los innumerables factores que pueden contribuir a la percepción del autoconcepto está la composición corporal, que es constantemente modificada en esa fase de la vida. En este sentido, la acumulación excesiva de grasa corporal y el aumento de la circunferencia abdominal pueden estar asociadas a autoconceptos positivos o negativos sobre sí mismo, favoreciendo el desarrollo de factores psicosociales de la población joven en pro de comportamientos sanos o no. Así, ese trabajo buscó analizar la relación de la circunferencia de cintura, el porcentaje de grasa y el autoconcepto físico y global de adolescentes del sexo femenino. Para ello, se realizó un estudio transversal con la participación de 101 adolescentes del sexo femenino, estudiantes de la Enseñanza Media de una Escuela Técnica Estadual de la ciudad de São Paulo. Se utilizó la escala de Autopercepción de Harter para Adolescentes validada para adolescentes brasileños, en las dimensiones del autoconcepto físico y global, y medidas medidas antropométricas de masa corporal y estatura para la verificación del IMC (índice de masa corporal), pliegues cutáneos para el porcentual de masa corporal grasa y perímetros para la circunferencia de cintura. Se encontró una correlación pequeña e inversa entre las variables autoconcepto físico y circunferencia de cintura corroborando con otros estudios que apuntar resultados similares