Anaerobic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by mixed cultures from swine and sewage sludge.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and the associated bacterial community changes in swine and sewage sludges. The degradation rate of SMX was higher in swine sludge than in sewage sludge. The addition of lactate, citrate, and sucrose had significant effects on SMX degradation, and sucrose addition yielded a higher SMX degradation rate than the other additives. At concentrations of 0.1-10 g/l sucrose, the SMX degradation rates increased in the sludge. The bacterial genera from swine sludge with sucrose exhibited the highest SMX degrading efficiency. Seventeen bacterial genera were found to be the major bacterial community members involved in SMX degradation in the sludge.