Development and validation of a competency evaluation index system for nurse endoscopists with different stages performing endoscopy nursing in China: A modified Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: The advancement of endoscopic techniques has resulted in an increasing need for comprehensive competency in endoscopy nursing. However, there is currently no unified competency evaluation index system for nurse endoscopists in China. AIMS: To develop and validate of a competency evaluation index system for nurse endoscopists with different stages performing endoscopy nursing in China. DESIGN: A modified Delphi study. SETTINGS: Data were collected in a medical university affiliated hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 569 participants in different fields were included at various phases of this research. METHODS: The preliminary indicators were designed after conducting a literature review, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Two rounds of correspondence with 30 experts using the Delphi method were conducted to evaluate the content of the index followed by reliability and validity tests. The competency evaluation index system for nurse endoscopists at different stages was developed through expert meetings based on the Delphi consultation results according to the novice-to-expert model. RESULTS: After two rounds of Delphi method consultation, we have established 4 first-level indicators ('Cognitive skill', 'Practice professional skills', 'Professional development skills' and 'Personal characteristics and inner qualities') and 21 s-level indicators, which are the detailed description of first-level indicators. According to the index weight analysis, the four first-level indicators are ranked from the largest to the smallest as practical professional skills, cognitive skills, professional development skills, personal characteristics and intrinsic qualities. Three different stages of nurse endoscopists competency evaluation forms and criteria were developed: primary stage (New skilled), intermediate stage (Capable) and advanced stage (Expert). CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of a competency evaluation index system based on the novice-to-expert model can accurately assess competency levels and help to effectively train the nurse endoscopists at different stages. Future research should focus on imbedding these competencies in nurse education.

Using Clinical-based Discharge Criteria to Discharge Patients After Endoscopy Procedures Under Drug-induced Intravenous Sedation in the Outpatient Care Unit: An Observational Study.

PURPOSE: To verify the feasibility of clinical-based discharge (CBD) criteria and to find out the reasons for the delayed discharge of outpatients after endoscopy procedures under drug-induced intravenous sedation. DESIGN: A prospectively observational study conducted at a tertiary endoscopy center. METHODS: Medical records were collected from outpatients admitted for endoscopy procedures under drug-induced intravenous sedation from June 1, 2021 to December 30, 2021. Patients were scheduled to discharge at least 30 minutes based on the time-based discharge (TBD) method. Postanesthetic discharge scoring system in the outpatient post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) recorded the time of patients discharged home on the CBD criteria. Postoperative complications were recorded in the PACU and within 24 hours after discharge. Multivariate analysis was applied to identify the factors relating to late discharges. FINDINGS: 10,597 patients were safely and successfully discharged home, and we were informed of no serious emergency or accidental readmissions to the hospital. The mean CBD time (21.77 ± 11.35 minutes) was compared with the TBD time (30 minutes) and actual TBD discharge time (61.56 ± 4.93 minutes), which were statistically significant, without changes in the patient's vital signs (P < .01). Primarily, further univariate and multivariate analyses showed that abdominal pain and fatigue were key factors accountable for delay in PACU discharge (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that in patients undergoing ambulatory endoscopy procedures with drug-induced intravenous sedation, discharge times based on physiological scoring systems can efficiently and safely guide ambulatory patient discharge as compared to the traditional TBD method. Postoperative fatigue and pain were the main factors affecting patients discharge associated with a relatively long PACU length of stay.

Development and Validation of a Discharge Assessment Scale for Outpatients Undergoing Sedative Anesthesia in the Ambulatory Postanesthesia Care Unit: A Comprehensive Delphi Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a discharge assessment scale tailored for outpatients undergoing sedative anesthesia treatment in the ambulatory postanesthesia care unit and validate its agreement with the Post-Anesthetic Discharge Scoring System. DESIGN: The Delphi method. METHODS: A Delphi survey was conducted with 30 experts focusing on the evaluation of outpatient discharges following treatment under ambulatory anesthesia. Subsequently, a cross-sectional observational study employing convenience sampling selected 2,579 outpatients who had undergone painless ambulatory gastrointestinal endoscopy at a tertiary hospital to analyze the level of agreement with the Post-Anesthesia Discharge Scoring System. FINDINGS: The study conducted three rounds of expert consultations to create the ambulatory discharge assessment scale. Twenty-five experts from 12 provinces and municipalities in our country were interviewed. The discharge assessment form encompassed five aspects: consciousness level, vital signs, directional stability, mobility, and adverse reactions. According to the scale, if the total score exceeded 9 points, with none of the items scoring 0 points, the ambulatory patient could be discharged from the hospital with the accompaniment of family members. Patients assessed using this newly constructed scale were able to leave the hospital earlier compared to those assessed using the comparative scale. No significant differences were observed in vital signs at the time of discharge or the occurrence of adverse events within 24 hours after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: This assessment tool for discharging ambulatory patients after the ambulatory anesthesia from the postanesthesia outpatient care unit can be considered a valuable addition to formalize the discharge process in outpatient services.

Postoperative Discharge Scoring Criteria After Outpatient Anesthesia: A Review of the Literature.

PURPOSE: The aim of this review was to explore the existing literature on discharge criteria, tools and strategies used in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) after ambulatory surgery and to identify the essential components of an effective and feasible scoring system based on applicable criteria for the three phases of anesthesia recovery to assess patient discharge after outpatient anesthesia. DESIGN: A review of the literature. METHODS: In this study, a review of sixteen articles was conducted to analyze the affecting factors, evaluation tools, and the current research status of patients discharge after outpatient anesthesia. FINDINGS: The main factors affecting the discharge after diagnostic or therapeutic procedures under outpatient anesthesia were hospital management, medical treatment and patients themselves. Physiological systems-based discharge assessment had several advantages over traditional time-based discharge assessment. The Aldrete scoring scale was often used for patients in the first stage of anesthesia recovery to leave the PACU, and the Chung's scoring scale was often used to evaluate patients in the second stage of recovery until they leave the hospital. These two scales were often used in combination for outpatient anesthesia. The Fast-tracking assessment tool was used in patients who directly returned to the ward or discharge of patients after ambulatory surgery. There is currently no uniform standard or tool for assessing patients discharge after diagnostic or therapeutic procedures under the outpatient anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal care under anesthesia should allow the patient to recover from anesthesia smoothly and quickly and leave the hospital safely. When the patients can safely leave the hospital after outpatient anesthesia is still a problem that needs to be solved in the nursing field. Various existing scoring systems have their historical advancements, but we need to formulate more in line with the current status of postoperative patients discharge standards.

Health literacy and health outcomes among older patients suffering from chronic diseases: A moderated mediation model.

Introduction: Aging brings with an increased risk of chronic diseases among older adults, which could affect health outcomes. Evidence has showed that health literacy is associated with health outcomes. However, limited studies explore the underlying mechanism between health literacy and health outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to determine whether self-efficacy for managing chronic disease mediates the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes among older patients with chronic diseases, and to explore whether disease duration moderates the relationship between health literacy, self-efficacy for managing chronic disease, and health outcomes. Methods: Participants were recruited from tertiary hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China from May 2019 to June 2020 using a convenience sampling method. A total of 471 older patients with chronic diseases completed questionnaires measuring demographics, disease-related information, health literacy, self-efficacy for managing chronic disease, and health outcomes. The mediation effect was examined using the structural equation model method, based on the bias-corrected bootstrapping method. The moderation effect was tested by the multiple-group analysis. Results: A good fit model suggested that self-efficacy for managing chronic disease partially mediated the relationships between health literacy and health outcomes. In addition, disease duration moderated the relationships between health literacy, self-efficacy for managing chronic disease, and health outcomes. Discussion: The findings highlight that adequate health literacy improved health outcomes among older patients with chronic diseases, which was further promoted by self-efficacy for managing chronic diseases. Moreover, a long disease duration could enhance the effect.

Intermittent ice-cooling to prevent skin heat injury caused by high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy targeting desmoid-type fibromatosis: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) is a fibrous tumor characterized by low-grade malignant and easy invasive growth and high recurrence. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy has been identified as a novel non-invasive approach for DF treatment; however, the ultrasonic energy generated by HIFU can cause skin heat injury. CASE: A 31-year-old female patient with signs and symptoms of DF received treatment in our institution. The patient had undergone HIFU treatment six times from April 27, 2018, to August 21, 2019. After HIFU therapy for the third time, she had a third-degree skin burn showing as orange peel-like change and spent three months to promote the recovery of the skin lesions. An intermittent ice-cooling strategy was used to avoid skin damage during the fourth HIFU treatment. This patient did not have any apparent skin injury during the last three HIFU therapy and acquired satisfactory anti-tumor therapeutic effect. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the thermal selectivity of tumor tissues, which leads to different critical thermal injury temperature values that the tissue can tolerate. Ice-cooling can lower skin tissue temperature and reduce the thermal damage caused by HIFU treatment.

The Effectiveness of Using a Nurse-Led Pain Relief Model for Pain Management among Abdominal Surgical Patients: A Single-Center, Controlled before-after Study in China.

BACKGROUND: Effective pain management is closely related to the prognosis of patients after surgery. Setting up acute pain service is among the effective strategies to control pain. The operation of acute pain service is mostly dominated by anesthesiologists; however, control of postsurgical pain is still unsatisfactory. Nurses are the main force for providing postoperative care of patients, and their role in acute pain service is crucial. Therefore, in the current study, we have developed a nurse-led pain relief model that emphasizes the central role of nurses during the entire surgical procedure. However, the effect of using this model for pain management among abdominal surgical patients remains unknown. AIMS: The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of using a nurse-led pain relief model for pain management among abdominal surgical patients. DESIGN: A single-center, propensity score-matched, controlled before-after study. METHODS: The patients, hospitalized for abdominal surgery in a university-affiliated hospital from January 2015 to December 2017, were enrolled and divided into group A (hospitalized before nurse-led pain relief model implementation, from January, 2015 to October, 2016) and group B (hospitalized after nurse-led pain relief model implementation, from October, 2016, to December, 2017) using propensity score match assay. The researchers compared the quality of acute pain management, the main side effects of pain management, and nurses' pain knowledge and attitude between group A and group B. RESULTS: A total of 2851 patients undergoing nonemergency abdominal surgery were enrolled in the current study and were propensity matched 1:1 into two groups with 1,127 subjects in each group. The quality of acute pain management postsurgery was better after implementation of the nurse-led pain relief model. More patients received higher numerical rating scales cores (≥4 points) at indicated time points after surgery in group A compared with group B (14.20% vs. 12.24% 6 hours postsurgery, p = .001; 12.33% vs. 8.52% 12 hours postsurgery, p = .004; 12.95% vs. 3.99% 24 hours postsurgery, p = .036; 16.06% vs. 7.19% 48 hours postsurgery, p = .001). Furthermore, the occurrence of nausea and vomiting during pain management were significantly decreased in patients from group B (nausea: X2 = 38.926, p < .05; vomit: X2 = 39.302, p < .05). Additionally, after using the nurse-led pain relief model, nurses were more open to improving their knowledge and attitudes to pain management (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that a nurse-led pain relief model can enhance the quality of acute pain management among post-abdominal surgical patients, suggesting that such a model can be an effective intervention for providing a better pain control among postsurgical patients.

Attitude and Intention Regarding Pain Management among Chinese Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey.

Optimal pain management is a priority in effective nursing care. Lack of sufficient pain knowledge associated with inadequate pain management has been proved. However, the intention, defined as the predictor of behavior, regarding pain management remains unknown. Therefore, the study was to determine the attitude and intention regarding pain management among Chinese nursing students and investigate the underlying determinants and their interactions in terms of intention toward pain management. The Pain Management Survey Questionnaire, comprising the key determinants of the theory of planned behavior-that is, direct attitude, belief-based intention, subjective norm, direct control, and indirect control-was used to collect data from 512 nursing students who undertook clinical rotation in an affiliated hospital of a medical college in China. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t test, Pearson correlation analysis, or structural equation modeling analysis. Chinese nursing students reported negative attitudes and behavioral intentions toward pain management. Direct control, subjective norm, belief-based attitude, and indirect control independently predicted nursing students' intention to treat patients with pain. Direct control was the strongest predictor. Structural equation modeling analysis further revealed 39.84% of the variance associated with intention that could be explained by determinants of the theory of planned behavior. Additionally, educational school level and previous pain management training had great effects on pain management intention. Overall, this study identified intention as an important factor in effective pain treatment. Chinese nursing students have negative attitudes and insufficient intention to pain management. Therefore, hospitals and universities in China should manage these factors to improve nursing students' practice regarding pain management.

Perioperative Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation for Postoperative Pain Relief Following Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: This trial was conducted to assess the influence of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on postoperative pain intensity and the optimal time of TEAS application during perioperative period in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: From July 2012 to October 2013, 380 patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to receive sham TEAS (group SSS), preoperative TEAS (group TSS), preoperative TEAS combined with intraoperative TEAS (group TTS) or preoperative TEAS combined with postoperative TEAS (group TST) (n=95 each group). Primary outcomes included resting and activity pain intensity evaluated by visual analog scale at 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS: At postoperative 6 hours, the activity pain intensity was significantly lower in groups TTS and TST compared with groups SSS and TSS (P<0.001). At postoperative 24 and 48 hours, activity pain intensity decreased in group TST compared with both groups SSS and TSS (P<0.001). The supplemental analgesic requirement was less in group TST compared with group SSS. There was no significant difference in intraoperative anesthetic consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting and time of the first postoperative flatus or defecation among the 4 groups. The patient satisfactory rate was higher in groups TSS, TTS, and TST compared with group SSS. No side effect related to TEAS was observed during the postoperative 48 hours. DISCUSSION: Combination of preoperative TEAS with intraoperative or postoperative TEAS, rather than preoperative TEAS alone, is an effective and safe adjunctive for management of postoperative pain following laparoscopic surgery.