Skinned Motion Retargeting with Preservation of Body Part Relationships.

Motion retargeting is an active research area in computer graphics and animation, allowing for the transfer of motion from one character to another, thereby creating diverse animated character data. While this technology has numerous applications in animation, games, and movies, current methods often produce unnatural or semantically inconsistent motion when applied to characters with different shapes or joint counts. This is primarily due to a lack of consideration for the geometric and spatial relationships between the body parts of the source and target characters. To tackle this challenge, we introduce a novel spatially-preserving Skinned Motion Retargeting Network (SMRNet) capable of handling motion retargeting for characters with varying shapes and skeletal structures while maintaining semantic consistency. By learning a hybrid representation of the character's skeleton and shape in a rest pose, SMRNet transfers the rotation and root joint position of the source character's motion to the target character through embedded rest pose feature alignment. Additionally, it incorporates a differentiable loss function to further preserve the spatial consistency of body parts between the source and target. Comprehensive quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our approach over existing alternatives, particularly in preserving spatial relationships more effectively.

BiRD: Using Bidirectional Rotation Gain Differences to Redirect Users during Back-and-forth Head Turns in Walking.

Redirected walking (RDW) facilitates user navigation within expansive virtual spaces despite the constraints of limited physical spaces. It employs discrepancies between human visual-proprioceptive sensations, known as gains, to enable the remapping of virtual and physical environments. In this paper, we explore how to apply rotation gain while the user is walking. We propose to apply a rotation gain to let the user rotate by a different angle when reciprocating from a previous head rotation, to achieve the aim of steering the user to a desired direction. To apply the gains imperceptibly based on such a Bidirectional Rotation gain Difference (BiRD), we conduct both measurement and verification experiments on the detection thresholds of the rotation gain for reciprocating head rotations during walking. Unlike previous rotation gains which are measured when users are turning around in place (standing or sitting), BiRD is measured during users' walking. Our study offers a critical assessment of the acceptable range of rotational mapping differences for different rotational orientations across the user's walking experience, contributing to an effective tool for redirecting users in virtual environments.

MuNeRF: Robust Makeup Transfer in Neural Radiance Fields.

There has been a high demand for facial makeup transfer tools in fashion e-commerce and virtual avatar generation. Most of the existing makeup transfer methods are based on the generative adversarial networks. Despite their success in makeup transfer for a single image, they struggle to maintain the consistency of makeup under different poses and expressions of the same person. In this paper, we propose a robust makeup transfer method which consistently transfers the makeup style of a reference image to facial images in any poses and expressions. Our method introduces the implicit 3D representation, neural radiance fields (NeRFs), to ensure the geometric and appearance consistency. It has two separate stages, including one basic NeRF module to reconstruct the geometry from the input facial image sequence, and a makeup module to learn how to transfer the reference makeup style consistently. We propose a novel hybrid makeup loss which is specially designed based on the makeup characteristics to supervise the training of the makeup module. The proposed loss significantly improves the visual quality and faithfulness of the makeup transfer effects. To better align the distribution between the transferred makeup and the reference makeup, a patch-based discriminator that works in the pose-independent UV texture space is proposed to provide more accurate control of the synthesized makeup. Extensive experiments and a user study demonstrate the superiority of our network for a variety of different makeup styles.

Intrinsic Omnidirectional Image Decomposition With Illumination Pre-Extraction.

Capturing an omnidirectional image with a 360-degree field of view entails capturing intricate spatial and lighting details of the scene. Consequently, existing intrinsic image decomposition methods face significant challenges when attempting to separate reflectance and shading components from a low dynamic range (LDR) omnidirectional images. To address this, our article introduces a novel method specifically designed for the intrinsic decomposition of omnidirectional images. Leveraging the unique characteristics of the 360-degree scene representation, we employ a pre-extraction technique to isolate specific illumination information. Subsequently, we establish new constraints based on these extracted details and the inherent characteristics of omnidirectional images. These constraints limit the illumination intensity range and incorporate spherical-based illumination variation. By formulating and solving an objective function that accounts for these constraints, our method achieves a more accurate separation of reflectance and shading components. Comprehensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method over state-of-the-art intrinsic decomposition methods.

Factors related to delayed disclosure among victims of child sexual abuse in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Delayed disclosure is a prevalent and serious issue among victims of child sexual abuse (CSA). Identifying the factors associated with delayed disclosure can identify the profile of children who are at risk of delaying disclosures and inform measures to facilitate timely disclosure. OBJECTIVE: The current study represented a pioneering effort to investigate factors that are related to disclosure of CSA in Singapore. It examined the influence of various victim and abuse characteristics on the time taken for a victim to disclose CSA. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 252 CSA cases that were referred to the psychology department of Singapore's Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF) from 2017 to 2021 were analyzed. METHODS: Cases were coded for the study variables and multivariate Cox regression was conducted to analyze the impact of each variable of interest on the time taken to disclose the abuse. RESULTS: It was found that the following sub-populations of CSA victims were associated with delayed disclosure: younger victims, female victims (as compared to male victims), victims with higher severity of sexual abuse (e.g., forced intercourse), and victims who were abused by in-home caregivers (as compared to acquaintances). CONCLUSIONS: The findings from the study generated practical implications to help reduce the time victims take to disclose CSA in the Singaporean context.

Multi-User Redirected Walking in Separate Physical Spaces for Online VR Scenarios.

With the recent rise of Metaverse, online multiplayer VR applications are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. However, as multiple users are located in different physical environments, different reset frequencies and timings can lead to serious fairness issues for online collaborative/competitive VR applications. For the fairness of online VR apps/games, an ideal online RDW strategy must make the locomotion opportunities of different users equal, regardless of different physical environment layouts. The existing RDW methods lack the scheme to coordinate multiple users in different PEs, and thus have the issue of triggering too many resets for all the users under the locomotion fairness constraint. We propose a novel multi-user RDW method that is able to significantly reduce the overall reset number and give users a better immersive experience by providing a fair exploration. Our key idea is to first find out the "bottleneck" user that may cause all users to be reset and estimate the time to reset given the users' next targets, and then redirect all the users to favorable poses during that maximized bottleneck time to ensure the subsequent resets can be postponed as much as possible. More particularly, we develop methods to estimate the time of possibly encountering obstacles and the reachable area for a specific pose to enable the prediction of the next reset caused by any user. Our experiments and user study found that our method outperforms existing RDW methods in online VR applications.

A systematic review of factors associated with disclosure of child sexual abuse.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Disclosure of CSA is key to victims having access to support and protection, but the current understanding of what factors play a key role is still limited. The present review aims to understand a range of socio-ecological factors that can either facilitate or obstruct the disclosure of CSA. METHODS AND RESULTS: Through a systematic review of 27 quantitative studies published from 2000 to 2022, the current review identified 17 significant predictors of CSA disclosure. Facilitators of disclosure included older age, being female, higher IQ, recent abuse, resistance during abuse, clergy perpetrator, non-offending caregiver support, and acculturation. Barriers to disclosure included intellectual disability, avoidant coping, romantic relationships with the perpetrator, family criminality, domestic violence, adherence to traditional Asian values, and ethnic minority identity. The findings also suggested that the relationship between predictors and disclosure tends to be mixed, contradictory, or indirect/interactional, emphasizing the importance of situating the findings in specific social-ecological contexts. CONCLUSIONS: The findings can inform future research and practice by providing a comprehensive understanding of the predictors of CSA disclosure and highlighting the importance of considering the socio-ecological context when interpreting findings. Moreover, the review provides a valuable resource for professionals who work with victims of CSA, helping them better identify factors that may facilitate or hinder disclosure and allowing for tailored interventions.

Growth mindset: An umbrella for protecting socially stressed adolescents' life satisfaction.

Research suggests that growth mindset shows positive effects on adolescents' academic achievement, especially in overcoming academic-related setbacks. It remains unclear, however, how growth mindset functions in the presence of social stress, a risk factor for adolescent mental health. In the present study, we explored how growth mindset of thoughts-emotions-behaviors predicted dual indicators of adolescents' mental health (life satisfaction and emotional problems), and if and how growth mindset interacted with peer and family stress to predict mental health. A total of 791 adolescents (Mage = 16.32 years, SD = 1.1, range 14-18; 60.8% female; 9th-12th grades; African American 34.5%, White 31.4%, Asian 13.2%, Hispanic 11.6%, biracial or multiracial 8.2%, others 1%, and missing 1%) participated via self-report surveys. A structural equation modeling approach was adopted to simultaneously model both the main and interaction effects. Results showed one significant interaction effect-between growth mindset and peer stress-on predicting life satisfaction (ß = 0.13) and a significant main effect of growth mindset on predicting emotional problems (ß = -0.35). The main effects of family stress on both outcomes (ß = -0.22, life satisfaction; ß = 0.18, emotional problems) were significant in the expected directions. Thus, growth mindset is a contributing factor to better mental health (higher life satisfaction, fewer emotional problems) and a buffering factor that mitigates the negative impact of peer stress on life satisfaction. These findings enhance the understanding of growth mindset, which can be integrated into school psychologists' work to assess or promote adolescent mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

360° Stereo Image Composition With Depth Adaption.

360° images and videos have become an economic and popular way to provide VR experiences using real-world content. However, the manipulation of the stereo panoramic content remains less explored. In this paper, we focus on the 360° image composition problem, and develop a solution that can take an object from a stereo image pair and insert it at a given 3D position in a target stereo panorama, with well-preserved geometry information. Our method uses recovered 3D point clouds to guide the composited image generation. More specifically, we observe that using only a one-off operation to insert objects into equirectangular images will never produce satisfactory depth perception and generate ghost artifacts when users are watching the result from different view directions. Therefore, we propose a novel per-view projection method that segments the object in 3D spherical space with the stereo camera pair facing in that direction. A deep depth densification network is proposed to generate depth guidance for the stereo image generation of each view segment according to the desired position and pose of the inserted object. We finally combine the synthesized view segments and blend the objects into the target stereo 360° scene. A user study demonstrates that our method can provide good depth perception and removes ghost artifacts. The per-view solution is a potential paradigm for other content manipulation methods for 360° images and videos.

A network analysis of positive developmental assets of Hong Kong school-age children during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The ongoing COVID19 pandemic is having detrimental effects on the mental and emotional well-being of many adults and children. It is relevant therefore to explore the combination of personal strengths and attributes that can help an individual develop resilience to such stress. Little is known about how psychological strength assets such as social connectedness, grit, hope, life meaning, and life satisfaction are inter-related, and if certain factors play a central role. This study involved a sample of 1,405 school-aged children in Hong Kong (50% female) from seven schools that participated in an online survey of psychological strengths. Data were analyzed by constructing a psychological network that found strength factors are inter-connected, and that 'school connectedness' and 'agency thinking' are central to the network. The information gained can be of value in any schools that are planning to provide strength-based interventions to help students maintain their psychological well-being during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Longitudinal associations between parental migration and children's psychological well-being in Southeast Asia: The roles of caregivers' mental health and caregiving quality.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the longer-term effects of parental migration on the psychological well-being of children who stay behind in two major labor-sending countries in Southeast Asia, namely, Indonesia and the Philippines. Adopting the framework of the 'care triangle', we further examine how caregivers' mental health and caregiving quality moderate the associations between parental migration and children's psychological well-being. METHODS: Using longitudinal data collected in 2008 and 2016/17, we assess children's psychological well-being during early childhood (aged 3-5 years) and again in adolescence (aged 11-13 years). We apply both fixed-effects and random-effects models, using the Hausman test to indicate the preferred model. RESULTS: The findings indicate that there is no significant longer-term effect of parental migration on children's psychological well-being, but parental migration tends to show adverse effects on Filipino children's psychological well-being when they are cared for by a caregiver with poor mental health. CONCLUSIONS: The two-country comparison demonstrates the complexities of understanding the gender-based influences of parental migration on children's psychological well-being. The findings also highlight the caregiver's role in maintaining frequent communications with migrant parents within the care triangle, which is crucial to children's well-being.

Reference-Based Deep Line Art Video Colorization.

Coloring line art images based on the colors of reference images is a crucial stage in animation production, which is time-consuming and tedious. This paper proposes a deep architecture to automatically color line art videos with the same color style as the given reference images. Our framework consists of a color transform network and a temporal refinement network based on 3U-net. The color transform network takes the target line art images as well as the line art and color images of the reference images as input and generates corresponding target color images. To cope with the large differences between each target line art image and the reference color images, we propose a distance attention layer that utilizes non-local similarity matching to determine the region correspondences between the target image and the reference images and transforms the local color information from the references to the target. To ensure global color style consistency, we further incorporate Adaptive Instance Normalization (AdaIN) with the transformation parameters obtained from a multiple-layer AdaIN that describes the global color style of the references extracted by an embedder network. The temporal refinement network learns spatiotemporal features through 3D convolutions to ensure the temporal color consistency of the results. Our model can achieve even better coloring results by fine-tuning the parameters with only a small number of samples when dealing with an animation of a new style. To evaluate our method, we build a line art coloring dataset. Experiments show that our method achieves the best performance on line art video coloring compared to the current state-of-the-art methods.

Casual 6-DoF: Free-Viewpoint Panorama Using a Handheld 360° Camera.

Six degrees-of-freedom (6-DoF) video provides telepresence by enabling users to move around in the captured scene with a wide field of regard. Compared to methods requiring sophisticated camera setups, the image-based rendering method based on photogrammetry can work with images captured with any poses, which is more suitable for casual users. However, existing image-based rendering methods are based on perspective images. When used to reconstruct 6-DoF views, it often requires capturing hundreds of images, making data capture a tedious and time-consuming process. In contrast to traditional perspective images, 360° images capture the entire surrounding view in a single shot, thus, providing a faster capturing process for 6-DoF view reconstruction. This article presents a novel method to provide 6-DoF experiences over a wide area using an unstructured collection of 360° panoramas captured by a conventional 360° camera. Our method consists of 360° data capturing, novel depth estimation to produce a high-quality spherical depth panorama, and high-fidelity free-viewpoint generation. We compared our method against state-of-the-art methods, using data captured in various environments. Our method shows better visual quality and robustness in the tested scenes.

Motif-GCNs With Local and Non-Local Temporal Blocks for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition.

Recent works have achieved remarkable performance for action recognition with human skeletal data by utilizing graph convolutional models. Existing models mainly focus on developing graph convolutional operations to encode structural properties of a skeletal graph, whose topology is manually predefined and fixed over all action samples. Some recent works further take sample-dependent relationships among joints into consideration. However, the complex relationships between arbitrary pairwise joints are difficult to learn and the temporal features between frames are not fully exploited by simply using traditional convolutions with small local kernels. In this paper, we propose a motif-based graph convolution method, which makes use of sample-dependent latent relations among non-physically connected joints to impose a high-order locality and assigns different semantic roles to physical neighbors of a joint to encode hierarchical structures. Furthermore, we propose a sparsity-promoting loss function to learn a sparse motif adjacency matrix for latent dependencies in non-physical connections. For extracting effective temporal information, we propose an efficient local temporal block. It adopts partial dense connections to reuse temporal features in local time windows, and enrich a variety of information flow by gradient combination. In addition, we introduce a non-local temporal block to capture global dependencies among frames. Our model can capture local and non-local relationships both spatially and temporally, by integrating the local and non-local temporal blocks into the sparse motif-based graph convolutional networks (SMotif-GCNs). Comprehensive experiments on four large-scale datasets show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/wenyh1616/SAMotif-GCN.

Cross-lagged models of health-related quality of life and breastfeeding across different body mass index groups: A three-wave prospective longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Bidirectional relationships between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and breastfeeding outcomes during the perinatal period across different body mass index (BMI) groups have not been investigated. Understanding the nature of such relations can provide strategies the for development of targeted interventions. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to longitudinally (1) investigate the patterns of HRQoL during the perinatal period across different BMI groups; (2) explore bidirectional associations between HRQoL, breastfeeding attitude, and positive breastfeeding status during the perinatal period, and (3) compare the aforementioned relationships across four BMI groups. METHODS: A three-wave prospective longitudinal design was adopted in the second and third trimesters and six weeks postpartum. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to examine reciprocal relations between two domains of HRQoL, breastfeeding attitudes, and positive breastfeeding status from antenatal to postnatal periods. Multi-group analyses were conducted to determine whether different patterns exist in these relationships according to the four BMI groups. The BMI was self-reported. Breastfeeding attitude and HRQoL were measured by the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 781 perinatal multi-ethnic women were recruited in Singapore. Our results showed that the physical HRQoL scores were the lowest at Wave 2 compared with those at Waves 1 and 3, whereas the mental HRQoL scores were the lowest at Wave 3 compared with those at Waves 1 and 2 across different BMI groups. Multigroup cross-lagged path analyses showed that breastfeeding attitudes were an antecedent of physical HRQoL in women with underweight. A cross-lagged relationship was found between breastfeeding attitudes and physical HRQoL scores across Waves 1 and 2 in women with obesity. Chi-square difference tests suggested that two paths (breastfeeding attitudes to Wave 2 physical HRQoL, and Wave 2 mental HRQoL to Wave 3 positive breastfeeding status) were significantly different across the four BMI groups. CONCLUSIONS: Physical and mental HRQoL patterns were different during the perinatal period, pre-conception counselling and perinatal care should be tailored to women's physical and mental health care needs. Reciprocal relations between physical HRQoL and breastfeeding attitudes during pregnancy were found in women with obesity. A flexible and individualised approach should provide for the woman with obesity in a respectful manner.

IMU-Assisted Online Video Background Identification.

Distinguishing between dynamic foreground objects and a mostly static background is a fundamental problem in many computer vision and computer graphics tasks. This paper presents a novel online video background identification method with the assistance of inertial measurement unit (IMU). Based on the fact that the background motion of a video essentially reflects the 3D camera motion, we leverage IMU data to realize a robust camera motion estimation for identifying background feature points by only investigating a few historical frames. We observe that the displacement of the 2D projection of a scene point caused by camera rotation is depth-invariant, and the rotation estimation by using IMU data can be quite accurate. We thus propose to analyze 2D feature points by decomposing the 2D motion into two components: rotation projection and translation projection. In our method, after establishing the 3D camera rotations, we generate the depth-relevant 2D feature point movement induced by the camera 3D translation. Then, by examining the disparity between inter-frame offset and the projection of estimated 3D camera motion, we can identify the background feature points. In the experiments, our online method is able to run at 30FPS with only 1 frame latency and outperforms state-of-the-art background identification and other relevant methods. Our method directly leads to a better camera motion estimation, which is beneficial to many applications like online video stabilization, SLAM, image stitching, etc.

Teacher-student relationships and adolescents' school satisfaction: Behavioural engagement as a mechanism of change.

BACKGROUND: Teacher-student relationships have been linked to various aspects of students' school functioning, including social-emotional well-being in school, but the underlying mechanisms need more investigation. AIMS: In this study, we analysed longitudinal data to test if students' classroom behavioural engagement was a potential mechanism of change that explained how teacher-student relationships affect student school satisfaction. SAMPLE: We used an archival dataset with a sample of seventh graders (ages 11-14, Mage  = 12.7 year) in a middle school in the Southeastern United States. METHODS: Adolescents completed self-report surveys across three waves over the course of 18 months. RESULTS: Longitudinal structural equation modelling analyses revealed that teacher-student relationships were positively associated with positive classroom engagement behaviours and school satisfaction, respectively, at each time, and positive classroom behaviours at Time 2 fully mediated the longitudinal association between teacher-student relationships (Time 1) and school satisfaction (Time 3). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, results suggested that fostering positive teacher-student relationships to increase students' positive classroom behaviours could be an effective pathway to promote students' satisfaction with school. The applications of the results in educators' and psychologists' work, such as consultation and trainings with teachers, are discussed.

Active Colorization for Cartoon Line Drawings.

In the animation industry, the colorization of raw sketch images is a vitally important but very time-consuming task. This article focuses on providing a novel solution that semiautomatically colorizes a set of images using a single colorized reference image. Our method is able to provide coherent colors for regions that have similar semantics to those in the reference image. An active-learning-based framework is used to match local regions, followed by mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) which considers the spatial contexts to further refine the matching results. We efficiently utilize user interactions to achieve high accuracy in the final colorized images. Experiments show that our method outperforms the current state-of-the-art deep learning based colorization method in terms of color coherency with the reference image. The region matching framework could potentially be applied to other applications, such as color transfer.

Content-Preserving Image Stitching With Piecewise Rectangular Boundary Constraints.

This article proposes an approach to content-preserving image stitching with regular boundary constraints, which aims to stitch multiple images to generate a panoramic image with piecewise rectangular boundaries. Existing methods treat image stitching and rectangling as two separate steps, which may result in suboptimal results as the stitching process is not aware of the further warping needs for rectangling. We address these limitations by formulating image stitching with regular boundaries in a unified optimization framework. Starting from the initial stitching result produced by traditional warping-based optimization, we obtain the irregular boundary from the warped meshes by polygon Boolean operations which robustly handle arbitrary mesh compositions. By analyzing the irregular boundary, we construct a piecewise rectangular boundary. Based on this, we further incorporate line and regular boundary preservation constraints into the image stitching framework, and conduct iterative optimizations to obtain an optimal piecewise rectangular boundary. Thus we can make the boundary of the stitching result as close as possible to a rectangle, while reducing unwanted distortions. We further extend our method to video stitching, by integrating the temporal coherence into the optimization. Experiments show that our method efficiently produces visually pleasing panoramas with regular boundaries and unnoticeable distortions.

Cross-lagged Models of Marital Relationships and Intergenerational Conflicts during Transition to Parenthood: Effect of Patrilineal Coresidence.

The transition to parenthood is one of the most stressful intra- and interpersonal adjustment periods for new parents. Bidirectional associations among intergenerational relationships during the transition to parenthood have received limited attention, and the complexity of reciprocal relationships varies in accordance with living arrangements. The objectives of this study were to explore (1) the bidirectional associations between marital relationships and conflicts with in-laws during the transition to parenthood and (2) the moderation of patrilineal coresidence on the aforementioned relationships. A three-wave prospective longitudinal design was adopted for 359 married mothers. The Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Stryker Adjustment Checklist were used to assess marital relationships and conflicts with parents-in-law. Cross-lagged panel analysis was applied to examine reciprocal relationships, and multigroup analyses were employed to determine whether these relationships exhibited different patterns in accordance with the individuals' living arrangements. The two cross-lagged models revealed the presence of a bidirectional relationship between marital distress and conflicts with parents-in-law during the mid- to late pregnancy stages. Meanwhile, the multigroup analyses suggested that conflicts with parents-in-law triggered marital distress during pregnancy in the coresidence group, whereas conflicts with fathers-in-law could intensify marital distress during late pregnancy to the postpartum period in the noncoresidence group. These findings shed light on cross-lagged associations with intergenerational conflicts. Healthcare professionals need to ensure that intergenerational relationships are positive during the transition to parenthood. This study enriches our understanding of the effect of patrilineal coresidence and can guide the future development of interventions based on culturally specific multidimensional approaches.

La transición a la paternidad es uno de los periodos más estresantes de adaptación intrapersonal e interpersonal para padres primerizos. Las asociaciones bidireccionales entre las relaciones intergeneracionales durante la transición a la paternidad han recibido escasa atención, y la complejidad de las relaciones recíprocas varía de acuerdo con las condiciones de vida diaria. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar (1) las asociaciones bidireccionales entre las relaciones conyugales y los conflictos con los familiares políticos durante la transición a la paternidad y (2) la moderación de la convivencia por línea paterna en las relaciones antes mencionadas. Se adoptó un diseño longitudinal prospectivo en tres etapas para 359 madres casadas. Se utilizaron la escala de ajuste diádico (Dyadic Adjustment Scale) y la lista de comprobación de ajuste de Stryker (Stryker Adjustment Checklist) para evaluar las relaciones conyugales y los conflictos con los suegros. Se aplicó el análisis de referencias cruzadas para analizar las relaciones recíprocas y se emplearon análisis multigrupo para determinar si estas relaciones demostraban diferentes patrones de acuerdo con las condiciones de vida diaria de las personas. Los dos modelos de referencias cruzadas revelaron la presencia de una relación bidireccional entre el distrés conyugal y los conflictos con los suegros durante las etapas intermedias y finales del embarazo. Mientras tanto, los análisis multrigrupo sugirieron que los conflictos con los suegros desencadenaron distrés conyugal durante el embarazo en el grupo de convivencia, mientras que los conflictos con los suegros podrían intensificar el distrés conyugal durante el final del embarazo y el periodo de posparto en el grupo no conviviente. Estos resultados echaron luz sobre las asociaciones de referencias cruzadas con los conflictos intergeneracionales. Los profesionales de la salud necesitan garantizar que las relaciones intergeneracionales sean positivas durante la transición a la paternidad. Este estudio enriquece nuestro conocimiento del efecto de la convivencia por línea paterna y puede guiar el futuro desarrollo de intervenciones basadas en enfoques multidimensionales culturalmente específicos.