Crotalus Durissus Ruruima: Current Knowledge on Natural History, Medical Importance, and Clinical Toxinology.

Crotalus durissus ruruima is a rattlesnake subspecies mainly found in Roraima, the northernmost state of Brazil. Envenomings caused by this subspecies lead to severe clinical manifestations (e.g. respiratory muscle paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure) that can lead to the victim's death. In this review, we comprehensively describe C. d. ruruima biology and the challenges this subspecies poses for human health, including morphology, distribution, epidemiology, venom cocktail, clinical envenoming, and the current and future specific treatment of envenomings by this snake. Moreover, this review presents maps of the distribution of the snake subspecies and evidence that this species is responsible for some of the most severe envenomings in the country and causes the highest lethality rates. Finally, we also discuss the efficacy of the Brazilian horse-derived antivenoms to treat C. d. ruruima envenomings in Roraima state.

Crotalus durissus ruruima: current knowledge on natural history, medical importance, and clinical toxinology

Crotalus durissus ruruima is a rattlesnake subspecies mainly found in Roraima, the northernmost state of Brazil. Envenomings caused by this subspecies lead to severe clinical manifestations (e.g. respiratory muscle paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure) that can lead to the victim’s death. In this review, we comprehensively describe C. d. ruruima biology and the challenges this subspecies poses for human health, including morphology, distribution, epidemiology, venom cocktail, clinical envenoming, and the current and future specific treatment of envenomings by this snake. Moreover, this review presents maps of the distribution of the snake subspecies and evidence that this species is responsible for some of the most severe envenomings in the country and causes the highest lethality rates. Finally, we also discuss the efficacy of the Brazilian horse-derived antivenoms to treat C. d. ruruima envenomings in Roraima state.

Taxonomic notes on the typology of four species of genus Notodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 (Copepoda: Calanoida: Diaptomidae) / Nota taxonômica sobre a tipologia de quatro espécies de Notodiaptomus Kiefer, 1936 (Copepoda: Calanoida: Diaptomidae)

Abstract: During a taxonomic study of the genus Notodiaptomus Kiefer 1936, taxonomic materials were located for N. iheringi, N. spinuliferus, N. henseni and N. deitersi, and all had their status investigated. Inconsistencies were found and are reported in this note, from the original details to the current typological situation. Nomenclatural conformations and new types are specified. These reinforce the taxonomic validity of the species, recently redescribed in other research. Thus in this note the neotype to N. iheringi, N. spinuliferus, and N. henseni, and provide a topotype to N. deitersi are defined.

Resumo: Durante o estudo taxonômico do gênero Notodiaptomus Kiefer (1936), N. iheringi, N. spinuliferus, N. henseni e N. deitersi tiveram seus materiais taxonômicos localizados e investigados. Inconsistências foram observadas e são relatadas nesta anotação, desde os detalhamentos originais até a atual situação tipológica. Conformações nomenclaturais e novos tipos são especificados e reforçam a validade taxonômica destas espécies, neótipos para N. iheringi, N. spinuliferus, N. henseni e topótipo para N. deitersi.