Corrigendum: Duration of Humoral and Cellular Immunity 8 Years After Administration of Reduced Doses of the 17DD-Yellow Fever Vaccine.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01211.].

Duration of Humoral and Cellular Immunity 8 Years After Administration of Reduced Doses of the 17DD-Yellow Fever Vaccine.

The present study aims to determine whether 17DD-YF-specific humoral and cellular immunological memory is maintained 8-years after primary vaccination with subdoses (10,447IU;3,013IU;587IU;158IU;31IU). For this purpose, this follow-up study was carried out in a subset of volunteers (n = 98) originally enrolled in the dose-response study in 2009 and 46 non-vaccinated controls. Our results demonstrated that vaccinees, who had seroconverted following primary vaccination and had not been revaccinated, present similar neutralizing antibodies levels and YF-specific cellular memory, particularly CMCD4 and EMCD8 as compared to the reference full dose (27,476IU). Although, PRNT seropositivity rates were similar across subgroups (94, 82, 83, 94, 80, and 91%, correspondingly), only doses above 587IU elicited similar iterative proportion of seropositivity rates, calculated as a progressive decrease on seropositivity rates along time (89, 80, 80, and 91%, respectively) as compared to 158IU and 31IU (68 and 46%, respectively). Noteworthy were the strong positive correlations ("EMCD4,EMCD8" and "TNFCD8,IFNCD8") observed in most subdoses, except for 31IU. Major similarities underscored the preserved antibody titers and the outstanding levels of EMCD8, relevant correlates of protection for YF-specific immunity. These findings provide evidences to support the regular use of dose sparing strategy for YF vaccine in adults.

Multi-parameter approach to evaluate the timing of memory status after 17DD-YF primary vaccination.

In this investigation, machine-enhanced techniques were applied to bring about scientific insights to identify a minimum set of phenotypic/functional memory-related biomarkers for post-vaccination follow-up upon yellow fever (YF) vaccination. For this purpose, memory status of circulating T-cells (Naïve/early-effector/Central-Memory/Effector-Memory) and B-cells (Naïve/non-Classical-Memory/Classical-Memory) along with the cytokine profile (IFN/TNF/IL-5/IL-10) were monitored before-NV(day0) and at distinct time-points after 17DD-YF primary vaccination-PV(day30-45); PV(year1-9) and PV(year10-11). A set of biomarkers (eEfCD4; EMCD4; CMCD19; EMCD8; IFNCD4; IL-5CD8; TNFCD4; IFNCD8; TNFCD8; IL-5CD19; IL-5CD4) were observed in PV(day30-45), but not in NV(day0), with most of them still observed in PV(year1-9). Deficiencies of phenotypic/functional biomarkers were observed in NV(day0), while total lack of memory-related attributes was observed in PV(year10-11), regardless of the age at primary vaccination. Venn-diagram analysis pre-selected 10 attributes (eEfCD4, EMCD4, CMCD19, EMCD8, IFNCD4, IL-5CD8, TNFCD4, IFNCD8, TNFCD8 and IL-5CD4), of which the overall mean presented moderate accuracy to discriminate PV(day30-45)&PV(year1-9) from NV(day0)&PV(year10-11). Multi-parameter approaches and decision-tree algorithms defined the EMCD8 and IL-5CD4 attributes as the top-two predictors with moderated performance. Together with the PRNT titers, the top-two biomarkers led to a resultant memory status observed in 80% and 51% of volunteers in PV(day30-45) and PV(year1-9), contrasting with 0% and 29% found in NV(day0) and PV(year10-11), respectively. The deficiency of memory-related attributes observed at PV(year10-11) underscores the conspicuous time-dependent decrease of resultant memory following17DD-YF primary vaccination that could be useful to monitor potential correlates of protection in areas under risk of YF transmission.

Duration of post-vaccination immunity to yellow fever in volunteers eight years after a dose-response study.

In 2009, Bio-Manguinhos conducted a dose-response study with the yellow fever vaccine, administering the vaccine in the usual mean dose of 27,476 IU (full dose, reference) and in tapered doses (10,447 IU, 3013 IU, 587 IU, 158 IU, and 31 IU) by the usual subcutaneous route and usual volume (0.5 mL). Tapered doses were obtained by dilution in the manufacturer's laboratory, and the test batches presented industrial quality. Doses down to 587 IU showed similar immunogenicity to the full dose (27,476, reference), while the 158 IU and 31 IU doses displayed lower immunogenicity. Seropositivity was maintained at 10 months, except in the group that received the 31 IU dose. The current study aims to determine whether yellow fever seropositivity was maintained eight years after YF vaccination in non-revaccinated individuals. According to the current study's results, seropositivity was maintained in 85% of 318 participants and was similar across groups. The findings support the use of the yellow fever vaccine in fractional doses during outbreaks, but each fractional dose should have at least 587 IU. This study also supports the minimum dose required by WHO, 1000 IU. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT 03338231.

Subdoses of 17DD yellow fever vaccine elicit equivalent virological/immunological kinetics timeline.

BACKGROUND: The live attenuated 17DD Yellow Fever vaccine is one of the most successful prophylactic interventions for controlling disease expansion ever designed and utilized in larger scale. However, increase on worldwide vaccine demands and manufacturing restrictions urge for more detailed dose sparing studies. The establishment of complementary biomarkers in addition to PRNT and Viremia could support a secure decision-making regarding the use of 17DD YF vaccine subdoses. The present work aimed at comparing the serum chemokine and cytokine kinetics triggered by five subdoses of 17DD YF Vaccine. METHODS: Neutralizing antibody titers, viremia, cytokines and chemokines were tested on blood samples obtained from eligible primary vaccinees. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrated that a fifty-fold lower dose of 17DD-YF vaccine (587 IU) is able to trigger similar immunogenicity, as evidenced by significant titers of anti-YF PRNT. However, only subdoses as low as 3,013 IU elicit viremia kinetics with an early peak at five days after primary vaccination equivalent to the current dose (27,476 IU), while other subdoses show a distinct, lower in magnitude and later peak at day 6 post-vaccination. Although the subdose of 587 IU is able to trigger equivalent kinetics of IL-8/CXCL-8 and MCP-1/CCL-2, only the subdose of 3,013 IU is able to trigger similar kinetics of MIG/CXCL-9, pro-inflammatory (TNF, IFN-γ and IL-2) and modulatory cytokines (IL-5 and IL-10). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of serum biomarkers IFN-γ and IL-10, in association to PRNT and viremia, support the recommendation of use of a ten-fold lower subdose (3,013 IU) of 17DD-YF vaccine.

17DD and 17D-213/77 yellow fever substrains trigger a balanced cytokine profile in primary vaccinated children.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the cytokine-mediated immune response in children submitted to primary vaccination with the YF-17D-213/77 or YF-17DD yellow fever (YF) substrains. METHODS: A non-probabilistic sample of eighty healthy primary vaccinated (PV) children was selected on the basis of their previously known humoral immune response to the YF vaccines. The selected children were categorized according to their YF-neutralizing antibody titers (PRNT) and referred to as seroconverters (PV-PRNT(+)) or nonseroconverters (PV-PRNT(-)). Following revaccination with the YF-17DD, the PV-PRNT(-) children (YF-17D-213/77 and YF-17DD groups) seroconverted and were referred as RV-PRNT(+). The cytokine-mediated immune response was investigated after short-term in vitro cultures of whole blood samples. The results are expressed as frequency of high cytokine producers, taking the global median of the cytokine index (YF-Ag/control) as the cut-off. RESULTS: The YF-17D-213/77 and the YF-17DD substrains triggered a balanced overall inflammatory/regulatory cytokine pattern in PV-PRNT(+), with a slight predominance of IL-12 in YF-17DD vaccinees and a modest prevalence of IL-10 in YF-17D-213/77. Prominent frequency of neutrophil-derived TNF-α and neutrophils and monocyte-producing IL-12 were the major features of PV-PRNT(+) in the YF-17DD, whereas relevant inflammatory response, mediated by IL-12(+)CD8(+) T cells, was the hallmark of the YF-17D-213/77 vaccinees. Both substrains were able to elicit particular but relevant inflammatory events, regardless of the anti-YF PRNT antibody levels. PV-PRNT(-) children belonging to the YF-17DD arm presented gaps in the inflammatory cytokine signature, especially in terms of the innate immunity, whereas in the YF-17D-213/77 arm the most relevant gap was the deficiency of IL-12-producing CD8(+)T cells. Revaccination with YF-17DD prompted a balanced cytokine profile in YF-17DD nonresponders and a robust inflammatory profile in YF-17D-213/77 nonresponders. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that, just like the YF-17DD reference vaccine, the YF-17D-213/77 seed lot induced a mixed pattern of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, supporting its universal use for immunization.

Reactogenicity of yellow fever vaccines in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the reactogenicity of three yellow fever (YF) vaccines from WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD substrains (different seed-lots) and placebo. METHODS: The study involved 1,087 adults eligible for YF vaccine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were administered ("day 0") following standardized procedures adapted to allow blinding and blocked randomization of participants to coded vaccine types. Adverse events after immunization were ascertained in an interview and in diary forms filled in by each participant. Liver enzymes were measured on days 0, 4-20 and 30 of the study. Viremia levels were measured on days 4 to 20 of follow-up. The immune response was verified through serologic tests. RESULTS: Participants were mostly young males. The seroconversion rate was above 98% among those seronegative before immunization. Compared to placebo, the excess risk of any local adverse events ranged from 0.9% to 2.5%, whereas for any systemic adverse events it ranged from 3.5% to 7.4% across vaccine groups. The excess risk of events leading to search for medical care or to interruption of work activities ranged from 2% to 4.5%. Viremia was detected in 3%-6% of vaccinees up to 10 days after vaccination. Variations in liver enzyme levels after vaccination were similar in placebo and vaccine recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of adverse events post-immunization against YF, accounting for the background occurrence of nonspecific signs and symptoms, was shown for the first time to be similar for vaccines from 17D and 17DD substrains. The data also provided evidence against viscerotropism of vaccine virus.

Reactogenicity of yellow fever vaccines in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

OBJETIVO: Comparar a reatogenicidade de três vacinas contra a febre amarela (FA) das sub-cepas WHO-17D e 17DD (diferentes lotes-semente), e placebo. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados 1.087 adultos elegíveis para vacinação contra FA no Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Vacinas produzidas por Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ) foram administradas ("dia zero") seguindo procedimentos adaptados para alocação randômica em blocos e "cega" para o tipo de vacina. Eventos adversos pós-vacinação foram registrados em questionários e diários preenchidos pelos participantes. Enzimas hepáticas foram medidas nos dias 0, 4-20 e 30 do estudo. A viremia foi medida nos dias 4-20. A resposta imune foi verificada em testes sorológicos nos dias 0 e 30. RESULTADOS: Os participantes eram predominantemente homens jovens. A taxa de soroconversão foi superior a 98% no grupo soronegativo antes da vacinação. Comparado ao placebo, a diferença de risco de eventos adversos locais variou de 0,9% a 2,5%, e de 3,5% a 7,4% para eventos adversos sistêmicos nos grupos vacinados. A diferença de risco desses eventos com assistência médica e/ou falta ao trabalho variou de 2,0% a 4,5%. Viremia foi detectada em 3% a 6% dos vacinados até 10 dias após a vacinação. As variações nos níveis de enzimas hepáticas pós-vacinação foram semelhantes nos grupos vacinados e placebo. CONCLUSÕES: Foi demonstrada pela primeira vez a semelhança do perfil de reatogenicidade das vacinas contra FA das cepas 17D e 17DD, comparados entre si e com placebo. As variações das enzimas hepáticas constituem evidência contra o potencial de viscerotropismo do vírus vacinal.

Immunogenicity of WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD yellow fever vaccines: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the immunogenicity of three yellow fever vaccines from WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD substrains (different seed-lots). METHODS: An equivalence trial was carried out involving 1,087 adults in Rio de Janeiro. Vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were administered following standardized procedures adapted to allow blocked randomized allocation of participants to coded vaccine types (double-blind). Neutralizing yellow fever antibody titters were compared in pre- and post-immunization serum samples. Equivalence was defined as a difference of no more than five percentage points in seroconversion rates, and ratio between Geometric Mean Titters (GMT) higher than 0.67. RESULTS: Seroconversion rates were 98% or higher among subjects previously seronegative, and 90% or more of the total cohort of vaccinees, including those previously seropositive. Differences in seroconversion ranged from -0.05% to -3.02%. The intensity of the immune response was also very similar across vaccines: 14.5 to 18.6 IU/mL. GMT ratios ranged from 0.78 to 0.93. Taking the placebo group into account, the vaccines explained 93% of seroconversion. Viremia was detected in 2.7% of vaccinated subjects from Day 3 to Day 7. CONCLUSIONS: The equivalent immunogenicity of yellow fever vaccines from the 17D and 17DD substrains was demonstrated for the first time in placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial. The study completed the clinical validation process of a new vaccine seed-lot, provided evidence for use of alternative attenuated virus substrains in vaccine production for a major manufacturer, and for the utilization of the 17DD vaccine in other countries.

Immunogenicity of WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD yellow fever vaccines: a randomized trial

OBJETIVO: Comparar a imunogenicidade de três vacinas contra febre amarela ) das subcepas WHO-17D e 17DD brasileira (diferentes lotes-semente). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de ensaio de equivalência envolvendo 1.087 adultos no Rio de Janeiro, RJ. As vacinas foram produzidas em Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) e foram administradas seguindo procedimentos adaptados para randomização em blocos, com tipos de vacinas codificados ("duplo-cego"). Anticorpos neutralizantes contra febre amarela foram dosados antes e depois da vacinação. Definiu-se equivalência como diferença nas taxas de soroconversão não superior a cinco pontos percentuais, e razão de títulos médios geométricos superior (TMG) a 0,67. RESULTADOS: As taxas de soroconversão foram iguais ou maiores do que 98 por cento nos participantes previamente soronegativos. Na coorte completa (incluindo os previamente soropositivos) a soroconversão foi igual ou superior a 90 por cento. As diferenças na soroconversão variaram de -0,05 por cento a -3,02 por cento entre os grupos de comparação. A intensidade da resposta imune também foi semelhante nos grupos: 14,5 UI/mL a 18,6 UI/mL. As razões de TMG variaram de 0,78 a 0,93. Considerando o grupo placebo, as vacinas explicaram 93 por cento da soroconversão. Viremia foi detectada entre os dias três e sete em 2,7 por cento dos participantes vacinados. CONCLUSÕES: A equivalência na imunogenicidade das vacinas contra a febre amarela das subcepas 17D e 17DD foi demonstrada pela primeira vez em ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado com placebo. O estudo completou o processo de validação clínica do novo lote-semente de vacina, além de ampliar as bases para utilização da vacina brasileira em outros países e de trazer alternativas de subcepas para o produtor da vacina no Brasil.

Prevalência da Infecçäo e da Doença pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana no Exército Brasileiro / Human immunodeficiency virus infection and diseases prevalence in the Brazian army

Os autores analisam neste estudo os aspectos epidemiológicos de casos de infecçäo e doença pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana(VIH) diagnosticados no período de novembro de 1983 a novembro de 1996 no exército brasileiro e abordam os aspectos preventivos desenvolvidos pela Diretoria de Saúde do Exército, referentes a síndrome de imunodeficiêcia adquirida (SIDA/AIDS) na força terrestre