The Effects of Glycerophospholipid Nanomicelles on the Cryotolerance of Frozen-Thawed Rooster Sperm.

Semen banking is an efficient method of artificial insemination for commercial breeders. However, the cryopreservation process induces severe damages to plasma membranes, which leads to reduced fertility potential of thawed sperm. The replacement of membrane lipids with oxidized membrane lipids repairs the cell membrane and improves its stability. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glycerophospholipid (GPL) nanomicelles on the cryosurvival of thawed rooster semen. Semen samples were collected from six 29-week Ross broiler breeder roosters, then mixed and divided into five equal parts. The samples were diluted with the Beltsville extender containing different concentrations of GPL according to the following groups: 0 (GPL-0), 0.1% (GPL-0.1), 0.5% (GPL-0.5), 1% (GPL-1), and 1.5% (GPL-1.5), then diluted semen was gradually cooled to 4°C during 3 hours and stored in liquid nitrogen. The optimum concentration of GPL was determined based on the quality parameters of thawed sperm. Our results showed sperm exposed to GPL-1 had significantly increased motion parameters and mitochondrial activity. The percentages of viability and membrane integrity were significantly higher in the GPL-1, and GPL-1.5 groups compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the lowest rate of apoptosis and lipid peroxidation were observed in the GPL-1 and GPL-1.5 groups in comparison with the frozen control group. Our findings indicated that membrane lipid replacement with GPL nanomicelles (1% and 1.5%) could substitute for damaged lipids in membranes and protect sperm cells against cryoinjury.

Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in diabetic foot infections: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common causes of diabetic foot infection globally. This study aimed to determine the global distribution of P. aeruginosa isolated from diabetic foot ulcer infection. PRISMA procedure was used to perform the current systematic review and meta-analysis. The Web of Science, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and other databases were searched for studies published in English from 2000 to 2022. Data was analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (CMA). Keywords and MESH phrases included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, diabetic foot ulcer, P. aeruginosa, and diabetic foot infection. As a result of this review, 16.6% of diabetic foot wound infections were caused by P. aeruginosa. About 37.9% of strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). P. aeruginosa infection rates in diabetic foot ulcers ranged from 0.5 to 100% globally. In total, the prevalence rates of P. aeruginosa in diabetic foot ulcer infection from Asia, Africa, and Western countries were reported at 18.5%, 16.3%, and 11.1%, respectively. Data have shown that the prevalence of P. aeruginosa, particularly MDR strains, isolated from diabetic foot ulcer infection was relatively high; inherent resistance to antibiotics is also high; the wound either does not heal or if it does, it will be delayed. Therefore, timely treatment is essential.

Host-Induced Silencing of Some Important Genes Involved in Osmoregulation of Parasitic Plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca.

Broomrape is an obligate root-parasitic weed that acts as a competitive sink for host photoassimilates. Disruption of essential processes for growth of broomrape using host plant-mediated systemic signals can help to implement more specific and effective management plans of this parasite. Accordingly, we tested the possibility of transient silencing three involved genes (PaM6PR, PaCWI, and PaSUS1) in osmoregulation process of broomrape using syringe agroinfiltration of dsRNA constructs in tomato. The highest decrease in mRNA levels, enzyme activity, and amount of total reducing sugars was observed in Phelipanche aegyptiaca when grown on agroinfiltrated tomato plants by PaM6PR dsRNA construct than control. In addition, PaSUS1 dsRNA construct showed high reduction in mRNA abundance (32-fold fewer than control). The lowest decrease in mRNA levels was observed after infiltration of PaCWI dsRNA construct (eightfold fewer than control). While the highest reduction in PaM6PR and PaSUS1 expression levels was detected in the parasite at 3 days post-infiltration (dpi), the maximum reduction in both of the total reducing sugars amount and M6PR and SUS1 activities was observed at 8 dpi. On the contrary, CWI activity, PaCWI expression level, and amount of total reducing sugars in broomrape shoots simultaneously decreased at the day 3 after the dsRNA construct infiltration against PaCWI. On the whole, our results indicated that the three studied genes especially PaM6PR may constitute appropriate targets for the development of transgenic resistance in host plants using silencing strategy.

Developmental patterns of enzyme activity, gene expression, and sugar content in sucrose metabolism of two broomrape species.

A better understanding of broomrape physiological features opens up new perspectives for developing specific management strategies. For this purpose, activities of key enzymes involved in osmoregulation (SAI1, CWI, M6PR, and SUS1) were considered at developmental stages of two important broomrape species (Egyptian and branched broomrape) on tomato. While Egyptian broomrape tubercles had high activities of invertases, branched broomrape shoots revealed high activities of M6PR and SUS1 during both pre- and post-emergence stages except for M6PR at post-emergence stages of P. aegyptiaca. Interestingly, the main accumulation of total reducing sugars was detected in tubercle during pre- and in shoot during post-emergence. Unlike low levels of genes expression (except for CWI) before parasite emergence, significantly higher expression levels of SAI1, SUS1 and M6PR were detected after parasite emergence. Matching the expression levels of SAI1 and SUS1 genes with their corresponding enzymes activities makes them as the suitable candidates for gene silencing strategies.