Nutritional profiling and in silico analysis of pharmacological activities from local rice Pulu Mandoti fermented with Pleurotus spp.

Pulu Mandoti, a local red rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety popular among Sulawesi residents, has gained recognition for its perceived health benefits, especially as a preferred dietary option for individuals with diabetes or those seeking to prevent obesity. Given the increasing consumption of mushrooms, particularly Pleurotus species, renowned for their nutritional and medicinal attributes, this study delves into the transformative effects of Pleurotus spp. fermentation on Pulu Mandoti, the indigenous rice variety. Proximate analysis disclosed elevated dry matter (91.99 ± 0.61%), crude protein (8.55 ± 0.15%), and crude fat (1.34 ± 0.05%) in Pleurotus cystidiosus fermentation compared to Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor. Concurrently, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were notably improved in all Pleurotus fermentations. Pulu Mandoti fermented with P. cystidiosus outperformed other treatments, aligning with molecular docking results pinpointing 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester, and butylated hydroxytoluene as optimal interactors with antioxidant receptors 5O0x and 2CKJ. Butylated hydroxytoluene demonstrated interactions with the antidiabetic receptor 2QV4, along with 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. These compounds, previously unreported in Pleurotus, displayed promising attributes as antioxidants and antidiabetic agents. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the fatty acid profiles, emphasizing the diverse range of potential bioactive compounds in fermented Pulu Mandoti. The findings of this research present a potential functional food rich in natural antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds, highlighting the yet undiscovered capabilities of Pleurotus spp. fermentation in augmenting the nutritional composition and bioactivity of indigenous rice varieties, specifically Pulu Mandoti.

Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus casei to increase growth performance and immune system of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) due to Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Background and Aim: Catfish has a high economic value and is popular among consumers. To ensure well-stocked catfish stocks, good fisheries management must also be ensured. The high demand for catfish must be supplemented by preventive measures against pathogenic bacterial infections using probiotics with high potential for Lactobacillus casei and Bacillus subtilis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic supplementation consisting of a combination of L. casei and B. subtilis probiotics on the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Materials and Methods: This study used a completely randomized study with eight treatments and three replications. The manipulated factor was the probiotic concentration [0% (A), 0.5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D)] in groups of catfish infected and uninfected with A. hydrophila. Combination of B. subtilis, and L. casei that were used in a 1:1 ratio of 108 colony forming unit/mL. The study lasted for 42 days. On the 35th day, A. hydrophila was infected by intramuscular injection into fish. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used to analyze data on growth, immune system, and water quality. Results: Providing probiotics in feed can increase the nutritional value of feed based on proximate test results. There were significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR) parameters in the group of catfish infected with A. hydrophila (p > 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR), and percentage weight gain. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) levels were significantly different between treatments C and D. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α parameters were significantly different between treatments A and C, whereas the phagocytic activity of treatment A was significantly different from that of treatment D. There was a significant difference (p > 0.05) in the growth parameters of SGR, ADG, and FCR in the group of fish that were not infected with A. hydrophila, with the best treatment being a probiotic concentration of 15%, but there was no significant difference in the SR parameters. IL-1ß and TNF-α levels significantly differed between E and E0 (15% probiotics) but were not significantly different in terms of phagocytosis parameters. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that using a combination of probiotics L. casei and B. subtilis can improve the growth, immune system, water quality, proximate value of feed, and body composition of catfish infected with A. hydrophila.

Interactive pregnancy education on stress, cortisol, and epinephrine level in primigravida of trimester III pregnant: a quasi-experimental.

Infant mortality is caused by various health problems, especially since the gestation period, even starting before the gestation period. Stress during pregnancy affects the motor, cognitive, and emotional development of the baby. This study aims to determine the effect of interactive pregnancy education (IPE) on decreasing levels of cortisol, epinephrine, and its relationship with stress levels in third-trimester primigravida pregnant women. This research is a quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group design, which has two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group. The authors compared the experimental group that was given the intervention with the control group that was not given any treatment. This research was conducted in the three Community Health Centers in Indonesia from June 2022 until December 2022. The samples were 30 third-trimester primigravida pregnant women for the intervention and control groups. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests with SPSS 22 software. The results of this study indicate that IPE has a good impact on pregnant women, where there is a significant relationship in the post-test cortisol and epinephrine levels in the intervention group. This indicates that IPE contributed to the difference in post-test scores in the intervention group. The IPE method is effective in reducing stress levels and cortisol levels in pregnant women, especially in pregnant women with high levels of stress.

Prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia.

Introduction: Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. Material and Methods: A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes was identified using a PCR. Results: It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the blaCTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the blaTEM genes. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates. Conclusion: This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.

Production of codon-optimized Factor C fragment from Tachypleus gigas in the Pichia pastoris GS115 expression system for endotoxin detection.

BACKGROUND: Factor C (FC) is widely used as a standard material for endotoxin testing. It functions as a zymogenic serine protease and serve as a biosensor that detects lipopolysaccharides. Prior investigations involving molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of FC demonstrated an interaction between the C-type lectin domain (CLECT) and the ligand lipopolysaccharide (lipid A). In this study, our aim was to assess the stability of the interaction between fragment FC and the lipid A ligand using protein modeling approaches, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and gene construction into the pPIC9K expression vector. METHODS AND RESULTS: The FC structure was modelled by online tools. In this case, both molecular docking and MD simulations were applied to identify the interaction between protein and ligand (lipid A) including its complex stability. The FC structure model using three modeling websites has varied values, according to a Ramachandran plot study. When compared to other models, AlphaFold server modeling produced the best Ramachandran findings, with residues in the most advantageous area at 88.3%, followed by ERRAT values at 89.83% and 3D Verify at 71.93%. From the docking simulation of FC fragments with three ligands including diphosphoryl lipid A, FC-Core lipid A, and Kdo2 lipid A can be an activator of FC protein by binding to receptor regions to form ligand-receptor complexes. MD simulations were performed on all three complexes to assess their stability in water solvents showing that all complexes were stable during the simulation. The optimization of recombinant protein expression in Pichia pastoris was conducted by assessing the OD value and protease activity. Induction was carried out using 1% (v/v) methanol in BMMY media at 30°C for 72 h. CONCLUSIONS: Protein fragments of Factor C has been proven to detect endotoxins and serve as a potential biomarker. Molecular docking simulation and MD simulation were employed to study the complex formation of protein fragments FC with ligands. The expression of FC fragments was successfully achieved through heterologous expression. We propose optimizing the expression of FC fragments by inducing them with 1% methanol at 30°C and incubating them for 72 h. These optimized conditions are well-suited for upscaling the production of recombinant FC fragments using a bioreactor.

Eosinophil values in exacerbation and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its relationship to maintenance therapy in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by persistent and progressive airflow limitations. The study aimed to determine the relationship between eosinophil values in patients with stable and exacerbated COPD, and the relationship of eosinophil values with two drug regimens used as maintenance therapy in stable COPD. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study and the variables used in this study were eosinophil counts in stable and exacerbated COPD patients. Results: Eighty-three patients with stable and exacerbated COPD were included. Stable COPD (63.9%) was predominant, with the highest degree of symptoms in group A 18 patients (34%) and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2; 35 patients (66%). The degree of COPD exacerbation was dominated by Type II COPD 15 patients (50%). Eosinophil counts in patients with stable COPD were less than 100 cells/mm3 37 patients (44.6%), while in patients with COPD exacerbation, it was greater than 100 cells/mm3 with a total of 30 patients (36.1%). Long acting muscarinic antagonist class of drugs was the most used treatment as maintenance therapy in stable COPD 34 patients (64.2%). Conclusion: The eosinophil counts in patients with COPD exacerbation were significantly higher than those in patients with stable COPD. The provision of maintenance therapy in the long acting ß-2 agonist + inhaled glucocorticosteroid group of stable COPD patients was generally provided to COPD patients with eosinophil values greater than 100 cells/mm3, and the provision of long-term maintenance therapy in stable COPD patients was generally given to COPD patients with eosinophil values less than 100 cells/mm3.

Characterization, protein modeling, and molecular docking of factor C from Indonesian horseshoe crab (Tachypleus gigas).

BACKGROUND: Horseshoe crab (Tachypleus gigas) amebocytes are useful biomedical components for endotoxin detection, and their growing needs for biomedical purposes cause the horseshoe crab population to decline. Factor C synthesis via genetic engineering offers a solution to replace natural horseshoe crab's factor C and prevent its excessive harvest from nature. In response to these concerns, this study aimed to characterize the amebocyte lysates and factor C protein modeling of T. gigas originated from Banyuasin South Sumatra Estuary. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sampling of T. gigas was carried out in Banyuasin South Sumatra Estuary, Indonesia. The endotoxin test or TAL (Tachypleus amebocyte lysates) assay was performed using gel coagulation method. Protein characterization of protease enzyme was conducted by protease activity, SDS-PAGE, and zymogram analysis. The cDNA of mitochondrial COI gene was amplified for molecular identification followed by cDNA cloning of factor C. Protein modeling was investigated by molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. Endotoxin test results showed that TAL-35 had endotoxin sensitivity in a range of 0.0156-1 EU/ml, while TAL 36 had a sensitivity between 00,625 and 1 EU/ml. T. gigas amebocytes have protease activity in molecular mass sizes less than 60 kDa, with 367 U/ml for TAL 35 and 430 U/ml for TAL 36. The molecular identification revealed 98.68% identity similarity to T. gigas. The docking results suggested three ligands; i.e., diphosphoryl lipid A, core lipid A, and Kdo2 lipid A can be activators of the factor C protein by binding to the region of the receptor to form a ligand-receptor complex. CONCLUSIONS: Endotoxins can be detected using horseshoe crab amebocytes. The presence of proteases is considered responsible for this ability, as evidenced by casein zymogram results. According to docking and MD analysis, we found that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) participate to the binding site of factor C.

Comparison of Joint Space Width Determinations in Grade I and II Knee Osteoarthritis Patients Using Manual and Automatic Measurements.

BACKGROUND: Examination of the knee to assess the narrowing of the joint gap or joint space width (JSW) is commonly done by manually checking radiographs and measuring the JSW using a ruler. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare manual and automatic measurements with the diagnosis of grade I and grade II knee osteoarthritis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 40 patients with the criteria for primary osteoarthritis (OA), aged 46 to 65 years old had knee OA grades of either I or II. The knee image was evaluated by a computer program and a radiologist manually viewing and measuring the JSW joint gap using a ruler. RESULTS: The results showed there were no differences in the measurement of JSW medial and JSW lateral manually in grade I and grade II knee OA, at p=0.605 and p=0.344, respectively. Whereas in the automatic measurements, there was a difference between JSW medial and lateral JSW in grade I and grade II knee OA, each with p<0.001. The manual JSW measurement between medial JSW and lateral JSW in grade I and II showed that the medial and lateral knee joints have a similar distance. In the automatic, the average value of measurement lateral JSW in OA grades I and II was greater than the medial JSW. CONCLUSION: Automatic measurements showed that both of medial and lateral JSW at grade II OA knee were narrower than the results at grade I. Automatic measurement of JSW results was more consistent than the manual measurement method.

The effect of medical history and compressor on barotrauma.

BACKGROUND: Barotrauma causes damage to an enclosed cavity within the human body due to pressure changes inside and outside the body. This research aims to identify the effect of medical history and compressor on barotrauma. DESIGN AND METHOD: The case-control design and total sampling methods were used to obtained data from 174 respondents. RESULTS: The bivariate result showed that the value of medical history was at p=0.006, OR=2.47, with a compressor value of p=0.000, OR=16.29. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis indicated that the compressor has a dominant factor at OR= 7.175. CONCLUSIONS: Both medical history and compressor affected barotrauma incidence, with compressor as the most dominant factor.