The establishment of orthopedics in Croatia : The role of Bozidar Spisic (1879-1957) and his professional networks.

Bozidar Spisic was a pioneer of Croatian orthopedics. In 1908 he founded the first private orthopedic clinic in the entire South Slav region. During the First World War he organized and headed the first orthopedic hospital for the rehabilitation and resocialization of wounded soldiers. In the interwar period, Spisic was tasked with establishing the orthopedic clinic within the auspices of the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb. This effort in shaping and developing orthopedics in Croatia would not have been possible without his participation in a wide network of internationally renowned orthopedists. After graduating from the University of Graz in 1904, Spisic spent the next 4 years specializing in orthopedics with Hans Spitzy, Arnold Wittek, Fritz Lange and, most importantly, Adolf Lorenz. In this paper, we have reconstructed the transfer of knowledge and experiences between these prominent Austrian and German orthopedists and Bozidar Spisic. We have paid special attention to the identification of those elements in Spisic's work that can be traced back to his mentor, teacher and lifelong colleague Adolf Lorenz, such as his treatment for congenital hip dislocation. We believe that the analysis of professional networks can shed additional light on the historiography of orthopedics, given that these influences did not manifest solely through the acquisition of specialized clinical knowledge but also through a profound influence on the core tenets of orthopedics as a discipline-its institutional organization and overall conservative approach.

"I would not wait for them to commit crime": Cesare Lombroso's criminal anthropology in Croatia.

Croatia is a Central European and Mediterranean country with a long maritime border with Italy. Throughout history, it was not only goods but also knowledge and medical practices that were exchanged over its borders. Following archival sources, individual informal networks, professional publications, daily newspapers, and public lectures, we aimed to present main channels by which Croatian intellectuals embraced Lombroso's criminal anthropology at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. We illuminated the fact that the adoption of Cesare Lombroso's concepts stimulated the joint engagement and communication of medical and legal realms in Croatia. Our analysis exposed the traces of Lombroso's ideas within the reform of the penal code, thus influencing forensic psychiatric practice. We showed how those ideas were translated into policy, politically exploited, and pitched into discussions employing rhetorical techniques, which led to the stigmatization of certain groups of people, particularly patients suffering from epilepsy. Our results also showed that, contrary to other countries that formed Austria-Hungary, the discussions about Lombroso's criminology waned in Croatia after the First World War. We believe that our results can close the gap on this topic, adding the evidence about the spread and influence of Lombroso's concepts within Austria-Hungary in the analyzed period.

"CAN ELECTRICITY HEAL"?: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE BEGINNINGS OF ELECTROTHERAPY IN CROATIA / "STO VRIEDI ELEKTRICITET KAO LIEK"?: POVIJESNI PREGLED POCETAKA PRIMJENE ELEKTROTERAPIJE NA PODRUCJU HRVATSKE

In the period from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, electrotherapy was applied worldwide with various incidence and different results. The application of electrotherapy is an indicator of the acquisition and transfer of knowledge from the basic sciences (physics) to medicine and the transfer and adoption of treatment procedures from foreign environments to our own. In Croatia, the earliest information on electrotherapy came from advertising electrotherapy devices in the daily newspapers. It was followed by lessons on electricity, as well as the possibilities of its application mostly written by physicists in their popular publications. Croatian doctors' publications about their experiences were first uncovered in 1897 on the pages of the professional journal Lijecnicki Vjesnik. This paper elaborates on the publications written during the first half of the 20th century. From the very beginning, this method has been accompanied by debates about its effectiveness and justification for its use, which have continued until today. The preserved electrotherapeutic devices presented in this paper are an important addition to medical historiography and a valuable segment of material medical culture, traces of which have been preserved in Croatia.

The most reliable guardian of your health: Controversies on the condom's acceptance in the 20th century.

The history of the condom, although repressed or bypassed throughout the centuries, represents an important part of our cultural history. An historical overview on how the condom was perceived by Croatian physicians and how the pharmaceutical industry advertised condoms in the first half of the 20th century is provided. The contributions on contraception in Croatian medical bulletins, as well as the advertisements published in our professional pharmaceutical journals established during the Interwar Period is discussed. Indeed, the condom was for the most part neglected either as a prophylactic or as a contraceptive among physicians and public health workers, despite epidemics of syphilis and the rise of socialized medicine. In conclusion, this paper is the first attempt to provide the history of condom in Croatia, discussing dominant attitudes toward contraception, prophylaxis of venereal diseases, the control of reproduction, and the ideologies about human sexuality.

'Images from our orthopaedic hospital': photography in the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans in Croatia during the First World War.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that Spisic's photographs were used as a tool in representing the strategies and public health position of orthopaedics as an emerging medical specialty in Croatia in the period from 1915 to 1917. METHODS: Formal and contextual analysis of photographs included in the book How we help our invalids: Images from our orthopaedic hospital and courses for disabled people, which was published in 1917 by the founder of orthopaedics in Croatia Bozidar Spisic (1879-1957), as well as historical documents and articles. RESULTS: Spisic's 102 photographs cover all phases of the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans and depict them holistically and during typical everyday activities. CONCLUSION: Spisic's visualization of disabled veterans attempted to demonstrate the transformation and reactivation of disabled bodies, using them as a persuasive tool in the rehabilitation not only of individuals, but of the society as a whole.

Franjo Kogoj's facebook: a collection of photographic portraits of dermatologists from Kogoj's legacy.

Franjo Kogoj (1894-1983) was the long-standing head of the University Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University Hospital Centre, and head of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, in Croatia. His collection is composed of 55 framed photographic portraits of world-renowned dermatologists, sometimes dated and signed, as well as 47 acknowledgments and diplomas connected with his memberships in international dermatologic societies. Attention is focused on the collection of photographic portraits.

Syphilis and Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing Between the Two World Wars in Croatia.

Between the two World Wars, the pharmaceutical industry strengthened its influence within the Croatian medical community. Due to the scarcity of professional biomedical journals in the Croatian language, larger pharmaceutical companies started to publish free promotional journals, magazines, and booklets which quickly became popular. They thus succeeded in creating a broad network of opinion leaders by recruiting physicians as authors, primarily writing on their experiences with application of certain drugs. As a paradigmatic social disease of the interwar period, syphilis stimulated the development of various marketing strategies used by the industry in these publications.

["Rave" Factory at the Beginning of Chemical-Pharmaceutical Production Era in Croatia] / Tvornica "Rave" u ozracju pocetaka kemijsko-farmaceutske proizvodnje na podrucju Hrvatske

The paper presents the development and business of the chemical-pharmaceutical factory Rave PLC, founded in Zagreb in 1922. Based on archival and building documentation, professional and daily newspapers, and promotional material, the formation of the factory complex in the Zagreb industrial zone was reconstructed, its marketing strategy and its impact on the development of domestic drug production and hygiene and sanitary necessities were presented. As an important motive for its operations, the factory emphasized industrial independence, the national features of its business and the promotion of cooperation with young domestic industry. In accordance with the above-mentioned text, Rave PLC participates in the construction and development of domestic pharmaceutical production and market, encouraging the development of modern industry and struggle for more favourable conditions of its business. Its unprecedented history is an important segment of our pharmaceutical past, but also an indispensable element of knowing the industrial development of the wider region. This segment of the beginnings of pharmaceutical manufacturing is essential in knowing the origins of entrepreneurship in our region as a significant element in raising awareness of national production, development and identity.

"For aging not passively endured, but actively experienced:" on Symposium on Gerontology from 1958.

The subjects of gerontology and geriatrics did not arouse stronger interest among Croatian scholars until the second half of the twentieth century. From 1952 to 1957, a number of Croatian medical experts gave lectures on gerontology at the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Based on these lectures, in 1958 the Academy published the first book on gerontology in Croatia under the title Symposium on Gerontology. Its editor was Franjo Kogoj, a dermatovenereologist and a Fellow of the Academy (1894-1983). In this article, we focused on the contents of Symposium, namely, on the discussions about geriatric terminology, theories of aging, epistemological issues in gerontology, as well as clinical experiences with older patients. We argue that Symposium marks the beginning of a synthetic and interdisciplinary approach to gerontology in Croatia.

Mal de Meleda: A great imitator.

Mal de Meleda is an hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma named for the Mljet Island in Croatia. The lives of those affected by this disease represent a complex situation that encompasses members of a vulnerable group. They require enlightenment and should be approached with awareness, taking into account their overall psychophysical status and the environment of each patient. Those afflicted with Mal de Meleda not only have to deal with a difficult life due to their affliction, but they also must cope with the hardships of socialization while trying to realize a normal life within their island community. This is compounded by the frequent interviews and examinations of researchers interested in the various aspects of their illness. The subject of this contribution is not about the nature of this disease, rather about the traces it has left on the (sub)consciousness of the population. It is also concerned with exploring ways of how to access patients and understanding the depth of their vulnerability. We present some thoughts tied to the interpersonal experiences of researchers and patients afflicted with Mal de Meleda.

"Imagine All the People:" Andrija Stampar's Ideology in The Context of Contemporary Public Health Initiatives

Recently, the World Health Organization launched its Universal Health Coverage initiative with the aim to improve access to quality health care on a global level, without causing financial hardship to the patients. In this paper, we will identify and analyze the ideological similarities between this influential initiative and the work of one of the founders of the WHO-Andrija Stampar (1888-1958)-whose social medicine was built of various normative, sociological and philosophical elements. Our aim is to demonstrate the crucial role of carefully erected and thought-out ideology for the success of public health programs.

[Father and sons: Feller family members in the context of the beginnings of advertising in Croatia] / Otac i sinovi: clanovi obitelji Feller u kontekstu pocetaka reklamnoga oglasavanja u Hrvatskoj

This paper presents the role of Eugen Viktor Feller, a pharmacist and factory owner, with an emphasis on his marketing strategy in advertising his pharmacy specialty Elsa. Various types of contemporary press and advertising leaflets and packaging were used as a starting point for analysis. The abundance of the collected material provided an insight into Feller's communication strategy of the approach to consumers, comparing advertising in different media and time spans. Following the appearance and elaboration of visual communication phenomena as part of family interest, approaches and advances in the development of advertising in the projects of Feller's sons Miroslav and Ferdinand were presented. Upgrading to the father's positive marketing experience they begin a more contemplative advertising campaign. Ferdinand Feller introduces the concept of collective pharmaceutical propaganda into pharmaceutical marketing, while Miroslav Feller becomes one of the leaders in the development of institutionalization and professionalization of commercial graphic design. Thus, marketing development was demonstrated through marketing approaches and innovative ideas of the three members of Feller family, illustrating the shift in approaches that marked the beginning of a different management within an industrial society, where advertising became an indispensable part and a promoter of market relationships.

[The Black Eagle pharmacy in Petrinja - first civil pharmacy on the territory of Banska krajina]. / Ljekarna K crnom orlu u Petrinji - prva civilna ljekarna u Banskoj krajini.

The Black Eagle pharmacy was founded in 1772 as a branch of the eponymous Karlovac pharmacy and was the oldest civil pharmacy on the territory of Banska krajina. Based on the archival sources, newspapers of the time, and the documentation preserved within the owner's family, its historical background and ownership chronology are presented in this paper. Special attention was dedicated to the Panac family, which led the pharmacy through four generations, from 1822 until 1950. The results of our research resolved the dilemmas about the pharmacy's first location and also presented the information concerning the academic path of its owners, their work, as well as their wider socio-cultural influences on life in Petrinja. The interior of The Black Eagle pharmacy has not retained its original function nor has the inventory been preserved, although the building, in which it was located, has been preserved and is protected as a cultural monument. The pharmacy was nationalized in 1947, and moved to a new location towards the end of 1950s. Therefore, the reconstruction of its historiography contributes not only to our knowledge of the pharmacy development in Croatia, but also to the understanding of the development of the city through the emergence and existence of medical and healthcare institutions within the city.

'They accused me of strangling her': epilepsy and violence debate in Croatia at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries.

Nineteenth-century psychiatry shifted its focus to the brain as the seat of mental disorders. With a new understanding of mental disorders arose the need to consult forensic psychiatrists in cases of criminal acts committed by persons with mental illness. This article focuses on three murders committed by 'epileptics' at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries in Croatia. An analysis of these cases will help to situate forensic psychiatry at the turn of the century within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and reveal the authority that forensic experts wielded in the courts. We will argue that Cesare Lombroso's biological theory of crime, as well as the influence of eugenicists and pharmaceutical companies, shaped the long-standing relationship between epilepsy and violent behaviour.

[Tracing a journal fragment from the World War I]. / Tragom fragmenta dnevnickog zapisa iz prvoga svjetskog rata.

The paper presents a fragment of the World War I journal, discovered recently to belong to Vladimir Jelovsek (1879-1934) the physician, writer and one of the most prominent editors of Lijecnicki vjesnik. The journal was written during his attendance at the eastern front from June 1915 to July 1916 beginning with the fall of Lvov and partly following both Brusilov's invasions. On the territory of Croatia the war journals written by medical representatives are very rare. However, such sources could extend our knowledge on individual war reflexions, soldiers' principles or mindset, as well as to enable the comparison of their content with the body of already published autobiographical and other sources. Recently detected journal of Vladimir Jelovsek exposes the individual perception of war carried out through traumatic war experience of an individual abruptly exposed to war conditions. Furthermore, it adds to our knowledge the Jelovsek's life enlightening in those segments of his life which haven't been explored so far.

[FOUNDATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE HISTORY OF HEALTH IN 1944 AND ROLE OF ITS FIRST CURATOR STANKO SIELSKI]. / OSNIVANJE MUZEJA ZA POVIJEST ZDRAVSTVA U HRVATSKOJ 1944. GODINE I ULOGA NJEGOVA PRVOG KUSTOSA STANKA SIELSKOG.

The Museum of the History of Health Care in Croatia, as the first such museum in the southeastern part of Europe, was established by the Croatian Medical Association in Zagreb in 1944. Beside Vladimir Cepulic (1891 - 1964) the head of the Croatian Medical Association, epidemiologist Stanko Sielski (1891 - 1958), was one of the most prominent personalities to be credited for realizing this project. He was born in Gracanica into a family of Polish origin. After his graduation in Vienna in 1919, he worked as an epidemiologist in Konjic, Prozor, Glamoc and other places in the area of Bosnia, mostly involved in typhoid fever and variola eradication. At the beginning of the Second World War he was in Banja Luka where he was given the duty of director of the Department of Endemic Syphilis Eradication. During 1942 and 1943 his correspondence took place with Vladimir Cepulic, which is today preserved in the Section of the History of Medicine of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. On the basis of this material it was possible to trace the circumstances of the foundation of the Museum of the History of Health Care, how items were collected for its first exhibition, and the role of Stanko Sielski in preserving the medical heritage and dissemination of knowledge of the history of medicine to a broader audience.

[Midwives in Brod na Savi (Croatia) in 19th century]. / O primaljama u Brodu na Savi u XIX. stoljecu.

The development of population policy and health legislation as a result of government, the need for more young, healthy, working and military active population, resulted in the education of all health workers including midwives, legal regulation of their work, increasing their number and training of midwifery profession. With the development of this profession conditions of women giving birth, pregnancy and birth control were gradually improved, and thus influenced the birth rate and mortality of the population and the natural growth. On the example of the town of Brod na Savi one can see that it was time-consuming and controlled development of the midwifery profession in the region, which have affected the poor socio-economic conditions, poor climatic conditions, and the presence of the border and the consequent large-scale migration of the population. It is important to note that the foundations for population policies and the observed midwifery profession enabled the development of the same in the coming period.

[Humanities as a means of survival: the testimony of a Siberian prisoner of war in the First World War]. / Humanistika kao sredstvo prezivljavanja: svjedocanstvo sibirskog zarobljenika tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata.

This article looks into the autobiography of the Croatian chemist and pharmacognosist Antun Vrgoc (1881-1949) entitled My Memories of the World War 1914-1920 and published in Zagreb in 1937. The author was captured in October 1914 and deported to Siberia, where he remained prisoner of war until 1920. Since there are few memoirs describing the life of Siberian prisoners during the First World War, this work is a precious testimony about the attitude towards the prisoners of war, human relations, and the survival of an AustroHungarian army officer. The book shows a striking lack of civilian or military hostility towards the prisoners and the respect of the Geneva Convention. Antun Vrgoc adopted the culture, customs and language of his formal enemies, took part in their civilian life, and taught at their university. His cathartic experience of survival includes a clear message about the absurdity of war.

[Anthropology of the individual, sex, and race in the works of Fran Gundrum Oriovcanin (1856-1919)]. / Antropologija jedinke, spolnosti i rase u djelima Frana Gundruma Oriovcanina (1856. - 1919.).

By analysing his unpublished and published works, we have identified anthropological elements in the studies of Croatian physician Fran Gundrum Oriovcanin (1856-1919) that distinguish him as one of the rare researchers in Croatia who attempted to synthesize cultural and biological anthropology. Gundrum collected comparative data on biological characteristics of various ethnic groups, searched for a connection between biological structures and cultural development, and assessed certain social facts and customs from the perspective of medical teleology. This article presents the four most frequent anthropological issues raised in his work: anatomy and physiology of individuals, ethnic groups and "races"; attitudes on prostitution; Jews as a model of alcohol abstinence; and the "degeneration" of Western culture/civilisation. In spite of pronounced linear evolutionism, his work compares social and medical practices between Western and non-Western nations.